Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext ) | '{{Short description|Subfamily of fishes}}
{{use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Automatic_taxobox
| image = Amphiprion ocellaris (Clown anemonefish) by Nick Hobgood.jpg
| image_caption = [[Ocellaris clownfish]] (''Amphiprion ocellaris'')
| taxon = Amphiprioninae
| display_parents = 3
| authority = [[Gerald R. Allen|Allen]], 1975
| subdivision_ranks = Genera
| subdivision =
*''[[Amphiprion]]'' <small>[[Marcus Elieser Bloch|Bloch]] & [[Johann Gottlob Schneider|Schneider]], 1801</small>
*''[[Premnas]]'' <small>[[Georges Cuvier|Cuvier]], 1816</small>
}}
'''Clownfish''' or '''anemonefish''' are [[fish]]es<!--Please note that "fishes" is correct here. See wiki article Fish, subsection "Fish or fishes" --> from the subfamily '''Amphiprioninae''' in the family [[Pomacentridae]]. Thirty [[species]] of clownfish are recognized: one in the genus ''[[Maroon clownfish|Premnas]]'', while the remaining are in the genus ''[[Amphiprion]]''. In the wild, they all form [[symbiosis|symbiotic]] [[Mutualism (biology)|mutualism]]s with [[sea anemone]]s. Depending on the species, anemonefish are overall yellow, orange, or a reddish or blackish color, and many show white bars or patches. The largest can reach a length of {{convert|17|cm|in|frac=2|abbr=on}}, while the smallest barely achieve {{convert|7-8|cm|in|frac=4|abbr=on}}.
==Distribution and habitat==
Anemonefish are endemic to the warmer waters of the Indian Ocean, including the [[Red Sea]], and Pacific Ocean, the [[Great Barrier Reef]], Southeast Asia, Japan, and the Indo-Malaysian region. While most species have restricted distributions, others are widespread. Anemonefish typically live at the bottom of shallow seas in sheltered [[reef]]s or in shallow [[lagoon]]s. No anemonefish are found in the Atlantic.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/fish/clown-anemonefish/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113151105/http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/fish/clown-anemonefish|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 January 2010|title=Clown Anemonefish, Clown Anemonefish Pictures, Clown Anemonefish Facts – National Geographic|first=National Geographic|last=Society|date=10 May 2011}}</ref>
==Diet==
[[File:Amphiprion ocellaris (Clown anemonefish) in Heteractis magnifica (Sea anemone).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Ocellaris clownfish]] nestled in a [[Heteractis magnifica|magnificent sea anemone]] (''Heteractis magnifica'')]]
Anemonefish are [[omnivore|omnivorous]] and can feed on undigested food from their host anemones, and the [[Feces|fecal]] matter from the anemonefish provides nutrients to the sea anemone. Anemonefish primarily feed on small [[zooplankton]] from the water column, such as [[copepods]] and [[tunicate]] larvae, with a small portion of their diet coming from algae, with the exception of ''[[Pink skunk clownfish|Amphiprion perideraion]]'', which primarily feeds on [[algae]].{{r|FieldGuide}}<ref name="D. Porat">{{cite journal |last1=Porat |first1=D. |last2=Chadwick-Furman |first2=N.E. |title=Effects of anemonefish on giant sea anemones: Ammonium uptake, zooxanthella content and tissue regeneration |journal=Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology |date=March 2005 |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=43–51 |doi=10.1080/10236240500057929 |bibcode=2005MFBP...38...43P |s2cid=53051081 }}</ref>
== Symbiosis and mutualism ==
Anemonefish and sea anemones have a symbiotic, mutualistic relationship, each providing many benefits to the other. The individual species are generally highly host specific. The sea anemone protects the anemonefish from predators, as well as providing food through the scraps left from the anemone's meals and occasional dead anemone tentacles, and functions as a safe nest site. In return, the anemonefish defends the anemone from its predators and parasites.<ref name="natgeowild">{{cite web|title=Clown Anemonefish|url=http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/fish/clown-anemonefish/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113151105/http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/fish/clown-anemonefish|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 January 2010|access-date=2011-12-19|work=Nat Geo Wild: Animals|date=10 May 2011|publisher=National Geographic Society}}</ref><ref>{{EOL|46572499}}</ref> The anemone also picks up nutrients from the anemonefish's excrement.<ref>Holbrook, S. J. and Schmitt, R. J. ''[https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00338-004-0432-8 Growth, reproduction and survival of a tropical sea anemone (Actiniaria): benefits of hosting anemonefish]'', 2005, cited in [http://clownfishandseaanemones.blogspot.com/ blogspot.com]</ref> The nitrogen excreted from anemonefish increases the number of algae incorporated into the tissue of their hosts, which aids the anemone in tissue growth and regeneration.<ref name="D. Porat" /> The activity of the anemonefish results in greater water circulation around the sea anemone,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Szczebak |first1=J. T. |last2=Henry |first2=R. P. |last3=Al-Horani |first3=F. A. |last4=Chadwick |first4=N. E. |title=Anemonefish oxygenate their anemone hosts at night |journal=Journal of Experimental Biology |date=15 March 2013 |volume=216 |issue=6 |pages=970–976 |doi=10.1242/jeb.075648 |pmid=23447664 |doi-access=free }}</ref> and it has been suggested that their bright coloring might lure small fish to the anemone, which then catches them.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://marinebio.org/species.asp?id=29|title=Clown Anemonefishes, ''Amphiprion ocellaris''|publisher=The MarineBio Conservation Society|work=Marinebio|access-date=2011-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027092714/http://marinebio.org/species.asp?id=29|archive-date=2011-10-27|url-status=dead}}</ref> Studies on anemonefish have found that they alter the flow of water around sea anemone tentacles by certain behaviors and movements such as "wedging" and "switching". Aeration of the host anemone tentacles allows for benefits to the metabolism of both partners, mainly by increasing anemone body size and both anemonefish and anemone respiration.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Szczebak |first1=J. T. |last2=Henry |first2=R. P. |last3=Al-Horani |first3=F. A. |last4=Chadwick |first4=N. E. |title=Anemonefish oxygenate their anemone hosts at night |journal=Journal of Experimental Biology |date=15 March 2013 |volume=216 |issue=6 |pages=970–976 |doi=10.1242/jeb.075648 |pmid=23447664 |s2cid=205352 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
Bleaching of the host anemone can occur when warm temperatures cause a reduction in algal symbionts within the anemone. Bleaching of the host can cause a short-term increase in the metabolic rate of resident anemonefish, probably as a result of acute stress.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Norin |first1=Tommy |last2=Mills |first2=Suzanne |last3=Crespel |first3=Amelie |last4=Cortese |first4=Daphne |last5=Beldade |first5=Ricardo |last6=Killen |first6=Shaun |title=Anemone bleaching increases the metabolic demands of symbiont anemonefish |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B |date=2018 |volume=285 |issue=1876 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2018.0282 |pmid=29643214 |pmc=5904320 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Over time, however, there appears to be a down-regulation of metabolism and a reduced growth rate for fish associated with bleached anemones. These effects may stem from reduced food availability (e.g. anemone waste products, symbiotic algae) for the anemonefish.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cortese |first1=Daphne |last2=Norin |first2=Tommy |last3=Beldade |first3=Ricardo |last4=Crespel |first4=Amelie |last5=Killen |first5=Shaun |last6=Mills |first6=Suzanne |title=Physiological and behavioural effects of anemone bleaching on symbiont anemonefish in the wild |journal=Functional Ecology |date=2021 |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=663–674 |doi=10.1111/1365-2435.13729 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2021FuEco..35..663C }}</ref>
Several theories are given about how they can survive the sea anemone venom:
* The mucus coating of the fish may be based on [[sugar]]s rather than [[protein]]s. This would mean that anemones fail to recognize the fish as a potential food source and do not fire their [[cnidocyte|nematocyst]]s, or sting [[organelle]]s.
* The [[coevolution]] of certain species of anemonefish with specific anemone host species may have allowed the fish to evolve an immunity to the nematocysts and toxins of their hosts. ''[[orange clownfish|Amphiprion percula]]'' may develop resistance to the toxin from ''[[Heteractis magnifica]]'', but it is not totally protected since it was shown experimentally to die when its skin, devoid of mucus, was exposed to the nematocysts of its host.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mebs |first1=D. |title=Anemonefish symbiosis: Vulnerability and resistance of fish to the toxin of the sea anemone |journal=Toxicon |date=September 1994 |volume=32 |issue=9 |pages=1059–1068 |doi=10.1016/0041-0101(94)90390-5 |pmid=7801342 }}</ref>
Anemonefish are the best known example of fish that are able to live among the venomous sea anemone tentacles, but several others occur, including juvenile [[threespot dascyllus]], certain [[cardinalfish]] (such as [[Banggai cardinalfish]]), [[Gobius incognitus|incognito (or anemone) goby]], and juvenile [[painted greenling]].<ref>Lieske, E.; and R. Myers (1999). ''Coral Reef Fishes.'' {{ISBN|0-691-00481-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | author=Patzner, R.A. | url=http://www.patzner.sbg.ac.at/Gobiidae/Gob_inc.html | title=Gobius incognitus | date=5 July 2017 | access-date=10 January 2018 | archive-date=7 August 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807011614/http://www.patzner.sbg.ac.at/Gobiidae/Gob_inc.html | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>Fretwell, K.; and B. Starzomski (2014). ''[http://www.centralcoastbiodiversity.org/painted-greenling-bull-oxylebius-pictus.html Painted greenling.]'' Biodiversity of the Central Coast. Retrieved 29 January 2015.</ref>
==Reproduction==
[[File:Nemo clown fish 1.gif|thumb|Clownfish swimming movements]]
In a group of anemonefish, a strict [[dominance hierarchy]] exists. The largest and most aggressive female is found at the top. Only two anemonefish, a male and a female, in a group reproduce – through [[external fertilization]]. Anemonefish are protandrous [[sequential hermaphrodite]]s, meaning they develop into males first, and when they mature, they become females. If the female anemonefish is removed from the group, such as by death, one of the largest and most dominant males becomes a female.<ref name="Buston">{{cite journal | title=Does the Presence of Non-Breeders Enhance the Fitness of Breeders? An Experimental Analysis in the Clown Anemonefish ''Amphiprion percula'' | journal=Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology | year=2004 | first=P. | last=Buston | volume=57 | pages=23–31| doi=10.1007/s00265-004-0833-2| s2cid=24516887 }}</ref> The remaining males move up a rank in the hierarchy. Clownfish live in a hierarchy, like hyenas, except smaller and based on size not sex, and order of joining/birth.{{Cn|date=June 2023}}
Anemonefish lay eggs on any flat surface close to their host anemones. In the wild, anemonefish spawn around the time of the full moon. Depending on the species, they can lay hundreds or thousands of eggs. The male parent guards the eggs until they hatch about 6–10 days later, typically two hours after dusk.<ref name = Madhatters>{{cite web |url=http://www.madhattersreef.com/clownfish-breeding/|author=Jeff Hesketh |title=Clownfish breeding for beginners |access-date=19 October 2023 |publisher=Mad Hatter's Reef}}</ref>
==Parental investment==
[[File:Skunk anemonefish.jpg|thumbnail|A pair of pink anemonefish (''[[Amphiprion perideraion]]'') in their anemone home|left|229x229px]]
Anemonefish colonies usually consist of the reproductive male and female and a few male juveniles, which help tend the colony.<ref>{{cite web|author=Stephanie Boyer|title=Clown Anemofish|url=http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/gallery/descript/FalseClownAnemone/FalseClownAnemone.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051028234857/http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/gallery/descript/FalseClownAnemone/FalseClownAnemone.html|archive-date=October 28, 2005|access-date=2013-09-15|publisher=Florida Museum of Natural History}}</ref> Although multiple males cohabit an environment with a single female, [[Animal sexual behaviour#Polygamy|polygamy]] does not occur and only the adult pair exhibits reproductive behavior. However, if the female dies, the social hierarchy shifts with the breeding male exhibiting protandrous sex reversal to become the breeding female. The largest juvenile then becomes the new breeding male after a period of rapid growth.<ref name="Reproductive Behavior">{{cite journal |last1=Ross |first1=Robert M. |title=Reproductive Behavior of the Anemonefish Amphiprion melanopus on Guam |journal=Copeia |date=1978 |volume=1978 |issue=1 |pages=103–107 |doi=10.2307/1443829 |jstor=1443829 }}</ref> The existence of [[protandry]] in anemonefish may rest on the case that nonbreeders modulate their phenotype in a way that causes breeders to tolerate them. This strategy prevents conflict by reducing competition between males for one female. For example, by purposefully modifying their growth rate to remain small and submissive, the juveniles in a colony present no threat to the fitness of the adult male, thereby protecting themselves from being evicted by the dominant fish.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Buston |first1=Peter |title=Does the presence of non-breeders enhance the fitness of breeders? An experimental analysis in the clown anemonefish Amphiprion percula |journal=Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology |date=November 2004 |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=23–31 |doi=10.1007/s00265-004-0833-2 |s2cid=24516887 }}</ref>[[File:Clownfish in anemone off Vanuatu.ogg|thumb|Video of a [[cinnamon clownfish]] swimming around an anemone]]The reproductive cycle of anemonefish is often correlated with the lunar cycle. Rates of spawning for anemonefish peak around the first and third quarters of the moon. The timing of this [[spawn (biology)|spawn]] means that the eggs hatch around the full moon or new moon periods. One explanation for this lunar clock is that spring tides produce the highest tides during full or new moons. Nocturnal hatching during high tide may reduce predation by allowing for a greater capacity for escape. Namely, the stronger currents and greater water volume during high tide protect the hatchlings by effectively sweeping them to safety. Before spawning, anemonefish exhibit increased rates of anemone and substrate biting, which help prepare and clean the nest for the spawn.<ref name="Reproductive Behavior" />
Before making the clutch, the parents often clear an oval-shaped clutch varying in diameter for the spawn. Fecundity, or reproductive rate, of the females, usually ranges from 600 to 1,500 eggs depending on her size. In contrast to most animal species, the female only occasionally takes responsibility for the eggs, with males expending most of the time and effort. Male anemonefish care for their eggs by fanning and guarding them for 6 to 10 days until they hatch. In general, eggs develop more rapidly in a clutch when males fan properly, and fanning represents a crucial mechanism for successfully developing eggs. This suggests that males can control the success of hatching an egg clutch by investing different amounts of time and energy toward the eggs. For example, a male could choose to fan less in times of scarcity or fan more in times of abundance. Furthermore, males display increased alertness when guarding more valuable broods, or eggs in which paternity is guaranteed. Females, though, display generally less preference for parental behavior than males. All these suggest that males have increased parental investment towards eggs compared to females.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ghosh |first1=Swagat |last2=Kumar |first2=T. T. Ajith |last3=Balasubramanian |first3=T. |title=Determining the level of parental care relating fanning behavior of five species of clownfishes in captivity |journal=Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences |date=October 2012 |volume=41 |issue=5 |pages=430–441 |url=http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/14876/1/IJMS%2041(5)%20430-441.pdf}}</ref>
Clownfish hatchlings undergo development after hatching in regards to both their body size and [https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?AN= fins]. If maintained at the demanded [https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?AN= thermal regulation], Clownfish undergo proper development of their fins. According to the ''Aquatic Living Resouce Vol.25 (Slembrouck, Baras, & Legendre, (2012)'' Clownfish follow the ensuing order in their fin development "Pectorals < caudal < dorsal = anal < pelvic". The early [https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?AN= larval stage] is crucial to ensure a healthy progression of growth.<ref name = designer>{{cite journal |author=Anikuttan Kuttan Kuravamparambu |author2=Rameshkumar Palsamy |author3=Nazar Abdul Khudus |author4=Jayakumar Rengarajan |author5=Tamilmani Govindan|author6=Sakthivel Mohammed |author7=Sankar Murugesan |author8=Bavithra Rajendran |author9=Johnson Belevendran |author10=Krishnaveni Nataraj |author11=Mercy Augustin Angela |author12=Moulitharan Nallathambi |author13=Narasimapallavan Gunasekharan Iyyapparaja |author14=Thomas Tinto |author15=Rao Galinki Hanumanta |author16=Jayasingh Muthu |author17=Joseph Imelda|author18=Ignatius Boby |author19=Madhu Kuttan |author20=Gopalakrishnan Achamveetil |display-authors=3 |title=Designer clown fishes: Unraveling the ambiguities |journal=Frontiers in Marine Science |volume=9 |year=2022 |doi=10.3389/fmars.2022.907362 |issn=2296-7745 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
==Taxonomy ==
Historically, anemonefish have been identified by [[Morphology (biology)|morphological]] features and color pattern in the field, while in a laboratory, other features such as [[Fish scale|scalation]] of the head, tooth shape, and body proportions are used.{{r|FieldGuide}} These features have been used to group species into six [[Species complex|complexes]]: [[Percula clown|percula]], [[Tomato clownfish|tomato]], [[Skunk clownfish (disambiguation)|skunk]], [[Clark's anemonefish|clarkii]], [[Saddleback clownfish|saddleback]], and [[Maroon clownfish|maroon]].{{r|Goemans}} As can be seen from the gallery, each of the fish in these complexes has a similar appearance. [[Genetic analysis]] has shown that these complexes are not [[Monophyly|monophyletic group]]s, particularly the 11 species in the ''A. clarkii'' group, where only ''A. clarkii'' and ''A. tricintus'' are in the same [[clade]], with six species,''A . allardi'' ''A. bicinctus'', ''A. chagosensis'', ''A. chrosgaster'', ''A. fuscocaudatus'', ''A. latifasciatus'', and ''A. omanensis'' being in an Indian clade, ''A. chrysopterus'' having [[Monotypic taxon|monospecific]] lineage, and ''A. akindynos'' in the Australian clade with ''A. mccullochi''.{{r|Hybrid}} Other significant differences are that ''A. latezonatus'' also has monospecific lineage, and ''A. nigripes'' is in the Indian clade rather than with ''A. akallopisos'', the skunk anemonefish.{{r|DeAngelis}} ''A. latezonatus'' is more closely related to ''A. percula'' and ''Premnas biaculeatus'' than to the saddleback fish with which it was previously grouped.{{r|Radiation}}{{r|DeAngelis}}
Obligate [[Mutualism (biology)|mutualism]] was thought to be the key innovation that allowed anemonefish to radiate rapidly, with rapid and convergent morphological changes correlated with the ecological niches offered by the host anemones.{{r|Radiation}} The complexity of [[mitochondrial DNA]] structure shown by genetic analysis of the Australian clade suggested evolutionary connectivity among samples of ''A. akindynos'' and ''A. mccullochi'' that the authors theorize was the result of historical [[Hybrid (biology)|hybridization]] and [[introgression]] in the evolutionary past. The two evolutionary groups had individuals of both species detected, thus the species lacked reciprocal monophyly. No shared [[haplotype]]s were found between species.{{r|Ecology}}
===Phylogenetic relationships===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!scope=col |Scientific name
!scope=col |Common name
!scope=col |[[Clade]] {{r|Hybrid}}
!scope=col |Complex
!scope=col |image
|-
|-class="sorttop"
! colspan="5" style="text-align:left" | Genus ''Amphiprion'':<ref>{{FishBase genus|genus=Amphiprion|year=2011|month=December}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Amphiprion akallopisos]]'' || Skunk anemonefish || ''A. akallopisos'' || Skunk || [[File:Amphiprion akallopisos 13376076.jpg|160px]]
|-
| [[Amphiprion akindynos|''A. akindynos'']] || || Australian || ''A. clarkii'' || [[File:Amphiprion akindynos.jpg|160px]]
|-
| [[Amphiprion allardi|''A. allardi'']] || Allard's anemonefish || Indian || ''A. clarkii'' || [[File:Amphiprion allardi in the UShaka Sea World 1038.jpg|160px]]
|-
| [[Amphiprion barberi|''A. barberi'']] || Barber's anemonefish || ''A. ephippium ''|| ''A. ephippium'' || [[File:Amphiprion barberi.jpg|160px]]
|-
| [[Amphiprion bicinctus|''A. bicinctus'']] || Two-band anemonefish || Indian || ''A. clarkii'' || [[File:Amphiprion bicinctus by Patryk Krzyzak.jpg|160px]]
|-
| [[Amphiprion chagosensis|''A. chagosensis'']] || Chagos anemonefish || Indian || ''A. clarkii'' || [[File:A, chagosensis 2.jpg|160px]]
|-
| [[Amphiprion chrysogaster|''A. chrysogaster'']] || Mauritian anemonefish || Indian || ''A. clarkii'' || [[File:Pomacentridae Amphiprion chrysogaster 1.jpg|160px]]
|-
| ''[[Orange-fin anemonefish|A. chrysopterus]]'' || Orange-fin anemonefish || [[Monotypic taxon|Monospecific]] lineage || ''A. clarkii'' || [[File:Diving at Siaes Tunnel, Palau.jpg|160px]]
|-
| [[Amphiprion clarkii|''A. clarkii'']] || Clark's anemonefish || ''A. clarkii'' || ''A. clarkii'' || [[File:Amphiprion clarkii sipadan.jpg|160px]]
|-
| [[Amphiprion ephippium|''A. ephippium'']] || Red saddleback anemonefish || ''A. ephippium'' || ''A. ephippium'' || [[File:Amphiprion ephippium.jpg|160px]]
|-
| [[Amphiprion frenatus|''A. frenatus'']] || Tomato anemonefish || ''A. ephippium'' || ''A. ephippium'' || [[File:Tomato clownfish, Amphiprion frenatus.jpg|160px]]
|-
| [[Amphiprion fuscocaudatus|''A. fuscocaudatus'']] || Seychelles anemonefish || Indian {{refn|group=n|name=fuscocaudatus|Exemplars of ''A. fuscocaudatus'' have never been sequenced. The authors hypothetically placed this species in the Indian clade because it is the most parsimonious solution regarding the biogeography of anemonefish species.{{r|Hybrid}}}} || Clarkii || [[File:Amphiprion fuscocaudatus.jpg|160px]]
|-
| [[Amphiprion latezonatus|''A. latezonatus'']] || Wide-band anemonefish || [[Monotypic taxon|Monospecific]] lineage || Saddleback || [[File:Amphiprion latezonatus, Norfolk.jpg|160px]]
|-
| [[Amphiprion latifasciatus|''A. latifasciatus'']] || Madagascar anemonefish || Indian || ''A. clarkii'' || [[File:Mohéli-Poisson clown.jpg|160px]]
|-
| [[Amphiprion leucokranos|''A. leucokranos'']] || White-bonnet anemonefish || Likely hybrid || Skunk || [[File:Amphiprion leucokranos.jpg|160px]]
|-
| [[Amphiprion mccullochi|''A. mccullochi'']] || Whitesnout anemonefish || Australian || ''A. ephippium'' || [[File:Amphiprion mccullochi RLS3.jpg|160px]]
|-
| [[Amphiprion melanopus|''A. melanopus'']] || Red and black anemonefish || ''A. ephippium ''|| ''A. ephippium'' || [[File:Amphiprion melanopus RLS.jpg|160px]]
|-
| [[Amphiprion nigripes|''A. nigripes'']] || Maldive anemonefish || Indian || Skunk || [[File:Pomacentridae - Amphiprion nigripes.jpg|160px]]
|-
| [[Amphiprion ocellaris|''A. ocellaris'']] || False clown anemonefish || Percula || Clownfish || [[File:Amphiprion ocellaris (1).jpg|160px]]
|-
| [[Amphiprion omanensis|''A. omanensis'']] || Oman anemonefish || Indian || ''A. clarkii'' || [[File:Amphiprion omanensis.TIF|160px]]
|-
| [[Amphiprion pacificus|''A. pacificus'']] || Pacific anemonefish || ''A. akallopisos'' || Skunk ||[[File:Aqua 16 3 Amphi 4c46fc294148b.jpg|frameless|160x160px]]
|-
| [[Amphiprion percula|''A. percula'']] || Clown anemonefish || Percula || Clownfish || [[File:A. percula.jpg|160px]]
|-
| [[Amphiprion perideraion|''A. perideraion'']] || Pink skunk anemonefish || ''A. akallopisos'' || Skunk || [[File:Amphiprion perideraion - Wilhelma 01.jpg|160px]]
|-
| [[Amphiprion polymnus|''A. polymnus'']] || Saddleback anemonefish || ''A. polymnus'' || Saddleback || [[File:Amphiprion Species.JPG|160px]]
|-
| [[Amphiprion rubrocinctus|''A. rubrocinctus'']] || Australian anemonefish || ''A. ephippium'' || ''A. ephippium'' || [[File:Amphiprion rubrocinctus RLS.jpg|160px]]
|-
| [[Amphiprion sandaracinos|''A. sandaracinos'']] || Orange anemonefish || ''A. akallopisos'' || Skunk || [[File:Orange skunk clownfish (Amphiprion sandaracinos) (35272137194).jpg|160px]]
|-
| [[Amphiprion sebae|''A. sebae'']] || Sebae anemonefish || ''A. polymnus'' || Saddleback || [[File:Clownfish-mileswu.jpg|160px]]
|-
| [[Amphiprion thiellei|''A. thiellei'']] || Thielle's anemonefish || Likely hybrid || Skunk ||
|-
| [[Amphiprion tricinctus|''A. tricinctus'']] || Three-band anemonefish || Clarkii || Clarkii || [[File:Amphiprion tricinctus 11-2022.JPG|160px]]
|-
|-class="sortbottom"
! colspan="5" style="text-align:left" | Genus ''Premnas'':<ref>{{FishBase genus|genus=Premnas|year=2011|month=December}}</ref>
|-
|-class="sortbottom"
| ''[[Premnas biaculeatus]]'' || Maroon anemonefish || Percula || Maroon || [[File:Premnas biaculeatus juvenile.jpg|160px]]
|-
|}
===Morphological diversity by complex===
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
File:Blackandorangefalsepercs.JPG|''[[Amphiprion percula|A. percula]]'' (clown anemonefish) in a 'normal' orange and a [[melanism|melanistic]] blackish variant
File:Amphiprion clarkii.jpg|''[[Amphiprion clarkii|A. clarkii]] '' (Clark's anemonefish)
File:Amphiprion Species.JPG|''[[Amphiprion polymnus|A. polymnus]]'' (saddleback clownfish) off [[Sulawesi]], [[Indonesia]]
File:Amphiprion ephippium.jpg|''[[Amphiprion ephippium|A. ephippium]]'' (red saddleback anemonefish)
File:Pink Skunk Clownfish.jpg|''[[Amphiprion perideraion|A. perideraion]]'' (pink skunk anemonefish)
File:Clownfish (Papua New Guinea).jpg|Male ''[[Premnas biaculeatus|P. biaculeatus]]'' (maroon anemonefish) in [[Papua New Guinea]]
</gallery>
==In the aquarium==
Anemonefish make up approximately 43% of the global marine ornamental trade, and approximately 25% of the global trade comes from fish bred in captivity, while the majority is captured from the wild,<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1007/978-94-007-6016-5_17 |chapter=Hatchery Production of Marine Ornamental Fishes: An Alternate Livelihood Option for the Island Community at Lakshadweep |title=Climate Change and Island and Coastal Vulnerability |year=2013 |last1=Dhaneesh |first1=K. V. |last2=Vinoth |first2=R. |last3=Ghosh |first3=Swagat |last4=Gopi |first4=M. |last5=Kumar |first5=T. T. Ajith |last6=Balasubramanian |first6=T. |pages=253–265 |isbn=978-94-007-6015-8 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Taylor, M.|url=http://www.unep.org/pdf/from_ocean_to_aquarium_report.pdf|title=From ocean to aquarium: A global trade in marine ornamental species|author2=Razak, T.|author3=Green, E.|publisher=UNEP world conservation and monitoring centre (WCMC)|year=2003|pages=1–64|access-date=18 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040701215234/http://www.unep.org/pdf/from_ocean_to_aquarium_report.pdf|archive-date=July 1, 2004|name-list-style=amp}}</ref> accounting for decreased densities in exploited areas.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shuman |first1=Craig S. |last2=Hodgson |first2=Gregor |last3=Ambrose |first3=Richard F. |title=Population impacts of collecting sea anemones and anemonefish for the marine aquarium trade in the Philippines |journal=Coral Reefs |date=December 2005 |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=564–573 |doi=10.1007/s00338-005-0027-z |bibcode=2005CorRe..24..564S |s2cid=25027153 }}</ref> Public aquaria and captive-breeding programs are essential to sustain their trade as marine ornamentals, and has recently become economically feasible.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Watson |first1=Craig A. |last2=Hill |first2=Jeffrey E. |title=Design criteria for recirculating, marine ornamental production systems |journal=Aquacultural Engineering |date=May 2006 |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=157–162 |doi=10.1016/j.aquaeng.2005.07.002 |bibcode=2006AqEng..34..157W }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Hall|first=Heather|title=Marine Ornamental Species: Collection, Culture and Conservation|year=2003|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|isbn=978-0-8138-2987-6|pages=303–326|author-link=The role of public aquariums in the conservation and stability of the marine ornamentals trade|author2=Douglas Warmolts|editor=James C. Cato|editor2=Christopher L. Brown|chapter=23}}</ref> It is one of a handful of marine ornamentals whose complete [[Biological life cycle|lifecycle]] has been in closed captivity. Members of some anemonefish species, such as the maroon clownfish, become aggressive in captivity; others, like the false percula clownfish, can be kept successfully with other individuals of the same species.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tullock |first1=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NWZHcIrhEiQC |title=Clownfish and Sea Anemones |edition=illustrated |publisher=Barron's Educational Series |year=1998 |pages=11–22 |access-date=2015-05-11 |isbn=9780764105111 }}</ref>
When a sea anemone is not available in an [[aquarium]], the anemonefish may settle in some varieties of [[alcyonacea|soft coral]]s, or large polyp stony [[coral]]s.<ref name="AA">{{cite web|last1=Fatherree|first1=James W|title=Aquarium Fish: On the Clownfishes' Range of Hosts|url=http://www.advancedaquarist.com/2014/3/fish2|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140322222515/http://www.advancedaquarist.com/2014/3/fish2|archive-date=March 22, 2014|access-date=31 December 2016|website=Advanced Aquarist}}</ref> Once an anemone or coral has been adopted, the anemonefish will defend it. Anemonefish, however, are not obligately tied to hosts, and can survive alone in captivity.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Daphne Gail Fautin |year=1991 |title=The anemonefish symbiosis: what is known and what is not |journal=[[Symbiosis (journal)|Symbiosis]] |volume=10 |pages=23–46 |url=http://www.nhm.ku.edu/inverts/pdf/Fautin_anemonefishsymbiosis_1991.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525134758/http://www.nhm.ku.edu/inverts/pdf/Fautin_anemonefishsymbiosis_1991.pdf |archive-date=2012-05-25 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Ronald L. Shimek |year=2004 |page=83 |title=Marine Invertebrates |publisher=T.F.H. Publications |location=[[Neptune City, New Jersey|Neptune City, NJ]] |isbn=978-1-890087-66-1}}</ref>
Clownfish sold from captivity make up a very small account (10%) of the total trade of these fishes. Designer Clownfish, scientifically named A. ocellaris are much costlier and obtaining them has disrupted their coral reefs. Their attractive allure, color, and patterning have made them out to be an attractive target in wild trading.<ref name = designer/>
==In popular culture==
[[File:Clownfish cake.jpg|thumb|154x154px|''Finding Nemo'' [[Birthday cake|birthday cakes]] featuring clownfish are popular.]]
In [[Disney]] [[Pixar]]'s 2003 film ''[[Finding Nemo]]'' and its 2016 sequel ''[[Finding Dory]]'' main characters Nemo, his father Marlin, and his mother Coral are clownfish from the species ''[[Ocellaris clownfish|A. ocellaris]]''.<ref name="rottentomatoes">{{cite web|title=Finding Nemo (2003)|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/finding_nemo/|access-date=5 April 2016|website=Rotten Tomatoes}}</ref> The popularity of anemonefish for aquaria increased following the film's release; it is the first film associated with an increase in the numbers of those captured in the wild.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kV9GDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA179|page=179|title=Marine Ornamental Species Aquaculture|first1=Ricardo|last1=Calado|first2=Ike|last2=Olivotto|first3=Miquel Planas|last3=Oliver|first4=G. Joan|last4=Holt|date=6 March 2017|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|via=Google Books|isbn=9780470673904}}</ref>
==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=n}}
==References==
{{Reflist|33em|refs=
<ref name="Hybrid">{{cite journal |last1=Litsios |first1=Glenn |last2=Salamin |first2=Nicolas |title=Hybridisation and diversification in the adaptive radiation of clownfishes |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |date=December 2014 |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=245 |doi=10.1186/s12862-014-0245-5 |pmid=25433367 |pmc=4264551 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2014BMCEE..14..245L }}</ref>
<ref name="FieldGuide">{{cite book|last=Fautin|first=Daphne G.|author2=Allen, Gerald R. |title=Field Guide to Anemone Fishes and Their Host Sea Anemones |publisher=[[Western Australian Museum]] |year=1997 |url=http://www.nhm.ku.edu/inverts/ebooks/intro.html |isbn=9780730983651 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150414095302/http://www.nhm.ku.edu/inverts/ebooks/intro.html |archive-date=14 April 2015}}</ref>
<ref name=Goemans>{{cite web |url=http://www.saltcorner.com/AquariumLibrary/browsegroupspecies.php?GroupID=1 |author=Goemans, B. |title=Anemonefishes |access-date=20 September 2015}}</ref>
<ref name="Radiation">{{cite journal |last1=Litsios |first1=Glenn |last2=Sims |first2=Carrie A |last3=Wüest |first3=Rafael O |last4=Pearman |first4=Peter B |last5=Zimmermann |first5=Niklaus E |last6=Salamin |first6=Nicolas |title=Mutualism with sea anemones triggered the adaptive radiation of clownfishes |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |date=2012 |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=212 |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-12-212 |pmid=23122007 |pmc=3532366 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2012BMCEE..12..212L }}</ref>
<ref name=DeAngelis>{{cite web |url=http://www.advancedaquarist.com/blog/what-we-really-know-about-the-diversity-of-clownfish-1 |author=DeAngelis, R. |title=What we really know about the diversity of Clownfish |access-date=20 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925122657/http://www.advancedaquarist.com/blog/what-we-really-know-about-the-diversity-of-clownfish-1 |archive-date=2015-09-25 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
<ref name=Ecology>{{cite journal |last1=van der Meer |first1=M. H. |last2=Jones |first2=G. P. |last3=Hobbs |first3=J.-P. A. |last4=van Herwerden |first4=L. |title=Historic hybridization and introgression between two iconic Australian anemonefish and contemporary patterns of population connectivity: Historic Hybridization between Anemonefish |journal=Ecology and Evolution |date=July 2012 |volume=2 |issue=7 |pages=1592–1604 |doi=10.1002/ece3.251 |pmid=22957165 |pmc=3434915 }}</ref>
<ref="Clownfish">{{cite web |title=Clownfish Biology |url=http://tolweb.org/treehouses/?treehouse_id=3390 |website=tolweb.org |access-date=17 August 2019}}</ref>
<ref="Ocellaris clownfish">{{cite web |last1=Animals |first1=Alina Bradford 2016-07-13T23:00:54Z |title=Facts About Clownfish |url=https://www.livescience.com/55399-clownfish.html |website=livescience.com |date=13 July 2016 |access-date=17 August 2019 |language=en}}</ref> }}
<ref>Baras, E., Slembrouck, J., Priyadi, A., Satyani, D., Pouyaud, L., & Legendre, M. (2012). Biology and culture of the clown loach Chromobotia macracanthus (Cypriniformes, Cobitidae): 3-Ontogeny, ecological and aquacultural implications. Aquatic Living Resources, 25(2), 119-130.</ref>
<ref>Anikuttan, K. K., Rameshkumar, P., Nazar, A. K., Jayakumar, R., Tamilmani, G., Sakthivel, M., ... & Gopalakrishnan, A. (2022). Designer Clown Fishes: Unraveling the ambiguities. Frontiers in Marine Science, 9, 907362. </ref>
<ref>Slembrouck, J., Priyadi, A., Permana, A., Ginanjar, R., Baras, E., Satyani, D., ... & Legendre, M. (2012). Biology and culture of the clown loach Chromobotia macracanthus (Cypriniformes, Cobitidae): 2-Importance of water movement and temperature during egg incubation. Aquatic Living Resources, 25(2), 109-118. </ref>
==Further reading==
*{{cite journal |last1=Casas |first1=Laura |last2=Saborido-Rey |first2=Fran |last3=Ryu |first3=Taewoo |last4=Michell |first4=Craig |last5=Ravasi |first5=Timothy |last6=Irigoien |first6=Xabier |date=2016-10-17 |title=Sex Change in Clownfish: Molecular Insights from Transcriptome Analysis |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=6 |pages=35461 |doi=10.1038/srep35461 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=5066260 |pmid=27748421|bibcode=2016NatSR...635461C }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Roux |first1=Natacha |last2=Lami |first2=Raphaël |last3=Salis |first3=Pauline |last4=Magré |first4=Kévin |last5=Romans |first5=Pascal |last6=Masanet |first6=Patrick |last7=Lecchini |first7=David |last8=Laudet |first8=Vincent |title=Sea anemone and clownfish microbiota diversity and variation during the initial steps of symbiosis |journal=Scientific Reports |date=December 2019 |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=19491 |doi=10.1038/s41598-019-55756-w |pmid=31862916 |pmc=6925283 |bibcode=2019NatSR...919491R }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Vargas-Abúndez |first1=Arturo Jorge |last2=Randazzo |first2=Basilio |last3=Foddai |first3=Marco |last4=Sanchini |first4=Lorenzo |last5=Truzzi |first5=Cristina |last6=Giorgini |first6=Elisabetta |last7=Gasco |first7=Laura |last8=Olivotto |first8=Ike |title=Insect meal based diets for clownfish: Biometric, histological, spectroscopic, biochemical and molecular implications |journal=Aquaculture |date=January 2019 |volume=498 |pages=1–11 |doi=10.1016/j.aquaculture.2018.08.018 |bibcode=2019Aquac.498....1V |hdl=2318/1674109 |s2cid=92357750 |hdl-access=free }}
==External links==
{{Commons category|Amphiprioninae}}
{{Wikispecies|Amphiprioninae}}
* {{in lang|de}} [http://www.torsten-ernst.de/modules.php?name=Gallery&file=categories&cat_id=13 Photo Gallery of ''Amphiprion ocellaris'' and their eggs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210313145247/http://www.torsten-ernst.de/modules.php?name=Gallery&file=categories&cat_id=13 |date=13 March 2021 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080724075222/http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/efc/efc_splash/splash_animals_clownfish.aspx Monterey Bay Aquarium: Video and information]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100609112916/http://www.tommyschultz.com/component/searchimage/clown-fish-best/1.html Clown Fish underwater photography gallery]
* [http://www.aquaticcommunity.com/clownfish/ Aquaticcommunity.com]
* [http://tolweb.org/treehouses/?treehouse_id=3390 Tolweb.org]
{{Taxonbar|from=Q472616}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Amphiprioninae}}
[[Category:Pomacentridae]]
[[Category:Symbiosis]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Ray-finned fish subfamilies]]
[[Category:Fish of Saudi Arabia]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext ) | '{{Short description|Subfamily of fishes}}
{{use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Automatic_taxobox
| image = Amphiprion ocellaris (Clown anemonefish) by Nick Hobgood.jpg
| image_caption = [[Ocellaris clownfish]] (''Amphiprion ocellaris'')
| taxon = Amphiprioninae
| display_parents = 3
| authority = [[Gerald R. Allen|Allen]], 1975
| subdivision_ranks = Genera
| subdivision =
*''[[Amphiprion]]'' <small>[[Marcus Elieser Bloch|Bloch]] & [[Johann Gottlob Schneider|Schneider]], 1801</small>
*''[[Premnas]]'' <small>[[Georges Cuvier|Cuvier]], 1816</small>
}}
'''Clownfish''' or '''anemonefish''' are [[fish]]es<!--Please note that "fishes" is correct here. See wiki article Fish, subsection "Fish or fishes" --> from the subfamily '''Amphiprioninae''' in the family [[Pomacentridae]]. Thirty [[species]] of clownfish are recognized: one in the genus ''[[Maroon clownfish|Premnas]]'', while the remaining are in the genus ''[[Amphiprion]]''. In the wild, they all form [[symbiosis|symbiotic]] [[Mutualism (biology)|mutualism]]s with [[sea anemone]]s. Depending on the species, anemonefish are overall yellow, orange, or a reddish or blackish color, and many show white bars or patches. The largest can reach a length of {{convert|17|cm|in|frac=2|abbr=on}}, while the smallest barely achieve {{convert|7-8|cm|in|frac=4|abbr=on}}.
==Distribution and habitat==
Anemonefish are endemic to the warmer waters of the Indian Ocean, including the [[Red Sea]], and Pacific Ocean, the [[Great Barrier Reef]], Southeast Asia, Japan, and the Indo-Malaysian region. While most species have restricted distributions, others are widespread. Anemonefish typically live at the bottom of shallow seas in sheltered [[reef]]s or in shallow [[lagoon]]s. No anemonefish are found in the Atlantic.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/fish/clown-anemonefish/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113151105/http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/fish/clown-anemonefish|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 January 2010|title=Clown Anemonefish, Clown Anemonefish Pictures, Clown Anemonefish Facts – National Geographic|first=National Geographic|last=Society|date=10 May 2011}}</ref>
This means the skibidi ohio rizzler will sigma the freddy fazbear gigachad
==Diet==
[[File:Amphiprion ocellaris (Clown anemonefish) in Heteractis magnifica (Sea anemone).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Ocellaris clownfish]] nestled in a [[Heteractis magnifica|magnificent sea anemone]] (''Heteractis magnifica'')]]
Anemonefish are [[omnivore|omnivorous]] and can feed on undigested food from their host anemones, and the [[Feces|fecal]] matter from the anemonefish provides nutrients to the sea anemone. Anemonefish primarily feed on small [[zooplankton]] from the water column, such as [[copepods]] and [[tunicate]] larvae, with a small portion of their diet coming from algae, with the exception of ''[[Pink skunk clownfish|Amphiprion perideraion]]'', which primarily feeds on [[algae]].{{r|FieldGuide}}<ref name="D. Porat">{{cite journal |last1=Porat |first1=D. |last2=Chadwick-Furman |first2=N.E. |title=Effects of anemonefish on giant sea anemones: Ammonium uptake, zooxanthella content and tissue regeneration |journal=Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology |date=March 2005 |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=43–51 |doi=10.1080/10236240500057929 |bibcode=2005MFBP...38...43P |s2cid=53051081 }}</ref>
== Symbiosis and mutualism ==
Anemonefish and sea anemones have a symbiotic, mutualistic relationship, each providing many benefits to the other. The individual species are generally highly host specific. The sea anemone protects the anemonefish from predators, as well as providing food through the scraps left from the anemone's meals and occasional dead anemone tentacles, and functions as a safe nest site. In return, the anemonefish defends the anemone from its predators and parasites.<ref name="natgeowild">{{cite web|title=Clown Anemonefish|url=http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/fish/clown-anemonefish/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113151105/http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/fish/clown-anemonefish|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 January 2010|access-date=2011-12-19|work=Nat Geo Wild: Animals|date=10 May 2011|publisher=National Geographic Society}}</ref><ref>{{EOL|46572499}}</ref> The anemone also picks up nutrients from the anemonefish's excrement.<ref>Holbrook, S. J. and Schmitt, R. J. ''[https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00338-004-0432-8 Growth, reproduction and survival of a tropical sea anemone (Actiniaria): benefits of hosting anemonefish]'', 2005, cited in [http://clownfishandseaanemones.blogspot.com/ blogspot.com]</ref> The nitrogen excreted from anemonefish increases the number of algae incorporated into the tissue of their hosts, which aids the anemone in tissue growth and regeneration.<ref name="D. Porat" /> The activity of the anemonefish results in greater water circulation around the sea anemone,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Szczebak |first1=J. T. |last2=Henry |first2=R. P. |last3=Al-Horani |first3=F. A. |last4=Chadwick |first4=N. E. |title=Anemonefish oxygenate their anemone hosts at night |journal=Journal of Experimental Biology |date=15 March 2013 |volume=216 |issue=6 |pages=970–976 |doi=10.1242/jeb.075648 |pmid=23447664 |doi-access=free }}</ref> and it has been suggested that their bright coloring might lure small fish to the anemone, which then catches them.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://marinebio.org/species.asp?id=29|title=Clown Anemonefishes, ''Amphiprion ocellaris''|publisher=The MarineBio Conservation Society|work=Marinebio|access-date=2011-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027092714/http://marinebio.org/species.asp?id=29|archive-date=2011-10-27|url-status=dead}}</ref> Studies on anemonefish have found that they alter the flow of water around sea anemone tentacles by certain behaviors and movements such as "wedging" and "switching". Aeration of the host anemone tentacles allows for benefits to the metabolism of both partners, mainly by increasing anemone body size and both anemonefish and anemone respiration.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Szczebak |first1=J. T. |last2=Henry |first2=R. P. |last3=Al-Horani |first3=F. A. |last4=Chadwick |first4=N. E. |title=Anemonefish oxygenate their anemone hosts at night |journal=Journal of Experimental Biology |date=15 March 2013 |volume=216 |issue=6 |pages=970–976 |doi=10.1242/jeb.075648 |pmid=23447664 |s2cid=205352 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
Bleaching of the host anemone can occur when warm temperatures cause a reduction in algal symbionts within the anemone. Bleaching of the host can cause a short-term increase in the metabolic rate of resident anemonefish, probably as a result of acute stress.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Norin |first1=Tommy |last2=Mills |first2=Suzanne |last3=Crespel |first3=Amelie |last4=Cortese |first4=Daphne |last5=Beldade |first5=Ricardo |last6=Killen |first6=Shaun |title=Anemone bleaching increases the metabolic demands of symbiont anemonefish |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B |date=2018 |volume=285 |issue=1876 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2018.0282 |pmid=29643214 |pmc=5904320 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Over time, however, there appears to be a down-regulation of metabolism and a reduced growth rate for fish associated with bleached anemones. These effects may stem from reduced food availability (e.g. anemone waste products, symbiotic algae) for the anemonefish.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cortese |first1=Daphne |last2=Norin |first2=Tommy |last3=Beldade |first3=Ricardo |last4=Crespel |first4=Amelie |last5=Killen |first5=Shaun |last6=Mills |first6=Suzanne |title=Physiological and behavioural effects of anemone bleaching on symbiont anemonefish in the wild |journal=Functional Ecology |date=2021 |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=663–674 |doi=10.1111/1365-2435.13729 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2021FuEco..35..663C }}</ref>
Several theories are given about how they can survive the sea anemone venom:
* The mucus coating of the fish may be based on [[sugar]]s rather than [[protein]]s. This would mean that anemones fail to recognize the fish as a potential food source and do not fire their [[cnidocyte|nematocyst]]s, or sting [[organelle]]s.
* The [[coevolution]] of certain species of anemonefish with specific anemone host species may have allowed the fish to evolve an immunity to the nematocysts and toxins of their hosts. ''[[orange clownfish|Amphiprion percula]]'' may develop resistance to the toxin from ''[[Heteractis magnifica]]'', but it is not totally protected since it was shown experimentally to die when its skin, devoid of mucus, was exposed to the nematocysts of its host.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mebs |first1=D. |title=Anemonefish symbiosis: Vulnerability and resistance of fish to the toxin of the sea anemone |journal=Toxicon |date=September 1994 |volume=32 |issue=9 |pages=1059–1068 |doi=10.1016/0041-0101(94)90390-5 |pmid=7801342 }}</ref>
Anemonefish are the best known example of fish that are able to live among the venomous sea anemone tentacles, but several others occur, including juvenile [[threespot dascyllus]], certain [[cardinalfish]] (such as [[Banggai cardinalfish]]), [[Gobius incognitus|incognito (or anemone) goby]], and juvenile [[painted greenling]].<ref>Lieske, E.; and R. Myers (1999). ''Coral Reef Fishes.'' {{ISBN|0-691-00481-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | author=Patzner, R.A. | url=http://www.patzner.sbg.ac.at/Gobiidae/Gob_inc.html | title=Gobius incognitus | date=5 July 2017 | access-date=10 January 2018 | archive-date=7 August 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807011614/http://www.patzner.sbg.ac.at/Gobiidae/Gob_inc.html | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>Fretwell, K.; and B. Starzomski (2014). ''[http://www.centralcoastbiodiversity.org/painted-greenling-bull-oxylebius-pictus.html Painted greenling.]'' Biodiversity of the Central Coast. Retrieved 29 January 2015.</ref>
==Reproduction==
[[File:Nemo clown fish 1.gif|thumb|Clownfish swimming movements]]
In a group of anemonefish, a strict [[dominance hierarchy]] exists. The largest and most aggressive female is found at the top. Only two anemonefish, a male and a female, in a group reproduce – through [[external fertilization]]. Anemonefish are protandrous [[sequential hermaphrodite]]s, meaning they develop into males first, and when they mature, they become females. If the female anemonefish is removed from the group, such as by death, one of the largest and most dominant males becomes a female.<ref name="Buston">{{cite journal | title=Does the Presence of Non-Breeders Enhance the Fitness of Breeders? An Experimental Analysis in the Clown Anemonefish ''Amphiprion percula'' | journal=Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology | year=2004 | first=P. | last=Buston | volume=57 | pages=23–31| doi=10.1007/s00265-004-0833-2| s2cid=24516887 }}</ref> The remaining males move up a rank in the hierarchy. Clownfish live in a hierarchy, like hyenas, except smaller and based on size not sex, and order of joining/birth.{{Cn|date=June 2023}}
Anemonefish lay eggs on any flat surface close to their host anemones. In the wild, anemonefish spawn around the time of the full moon. Depending on the species, they can lay hundreds or thousands of eggs. The male parent guards the eggs until they hatch about 6–10 days later, typically two hours after dusk.<ref name = Madhatters>{{cite web |url=http://www.madhattersreef.com/clownfish-breeding/|author=Jeff Hesketh |title=Clownfish breeding for beginners |access-date=19 October 2023 |publisher=Mad Hatter's Reef}}</ref>
==Parental investment==
[[File:Skunk anemonefish.jpg|thumbnail|A pair of pink anemonefish (''[[Amphiprion perideraion]]'') in their anemone home|left|229x229px]]
Anemonefish colonies usually consist of the reproductive male and female and a few male juveniles, which help tend the colony.<ref>{{cite web|author=Stephanie Boyer|title=Clown Anemofish|url=http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/gallery/descript/FalseClownAnemone/FalseClownAnemone.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051028234857/http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/gallery/descript/FalseClownAnemone/FalseClownAnemone.html|archive-date=October 28, 2005|access-date=2013-09-15|publisher=Florida Museum of Natural History}}</ref> Although multiple males cohabit an environment with a single female, [[Animal sexual behaviour#Polygamy|polygamy]] does not occur and only the adult pair exhibits reproductive behavior. However, if the female dies, the social hierarchy shifts with the breeding male exhibiting protandrous sex reversal to become the breeding female. The largest juvenile then becomes the new breeding male after a period of rapid growth.<ref name="Reproductive Behavior">{{cite journal |last1=Ross |first1=Robert M. |title=Reproductive Behavior of the Anemonefish Amphiprion melanopus on Guam |journal=Copeia |date=1978 |volume=1978 |issue=1 |pages=103–107 |doi=10.2307/1443829 |jstor=1443829 }}</ref> The existence of [[protandry]] in anemonefish may rest on the case that nonbreeders modulate their phenotype in a way that causes breeders to tolerate them. This strategy prevents conflict by reducing competition between males for one female. For example, by purposefully modifying their growth rate to remain small and submissive, the juveniles in a colony present no threat to the fitness of the adult male, thereby protecting themselves from being evicted by the dominant fish.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Buston |first1=Peter |title=Does the presence of non-breeders enhance the fitness of breeders? An experimental analysis in the clown anemonefish Amphiprion percula |journal=Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology |date=November 2004 |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=23–31 |doi=10.1007/s00265-004-0833-2 |s2cid=24516887 }}</ref>[[File:Clownfish in anemone off Vanuatu.ogg|thumb|Video of a [[cinnamon clownfish]] swimming around an anemone]]The reproductive cycle of anemonefish is often correlated with the lunar cycle. Rates of spawning for anemonefish peak around the first and third quarters of the moon. The timing of this [[spawn (biology)|spawn]] means that the eggs hatch around the full moon or new moon periods. One explanation for this lunar clock is that spring tides produce the highest tides during full or new moons. Nocturnal hatching during high tide may reduce predation by allowing for a greater capacity for escape. Namely, the stronger currents and greater water volume during high tide protect the hatchlings by effectively sweeping them to safety. Before spawning, anemonefish exhibit increased rates of anemone and substrate biting, which help prepare and clean the nest for the spawn.<ref name="Reproductive Behavior" />
Before making the clutch, the parents often clear an oval-shaped clutch varying in diameter for the spawn. Fecundity, or reproductive rate, of the females, usually ranges from 600 to 1,500 eggs depending on her size. In contrast to most animal species, the female only occasionally takes responsibility for the eggs, with males expending most of the time and effort. Male anemonefish care for their eggs by fanning and guarding them for 6 to 10 days until they hatch. In general, eggs develop more rapidly in a clutch when males fan properly, and fanning represents a crucial mechanism for successfully developing eggs. This suggests that males can control the success of hatching an egg clutch by investing different amounts of time and energy toward the eggs. For example, a male could choose to fan less in times of scarcity or fan more in times of abundance. Furthermore, males display increased alertness when guarding more valuable broods, or eggs in which paternity is guaranteed. Females, though, display generally less preference for parental behavior than males. All these suggest that males have increased parental investment towards eggs compared to females.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ghosh |first1=Swagat |last2=Kumar |first2=T. T. Ajith |last3=Balasubramanian |first3=T. |title=Determining the level of parental care relating fanning behavior of five species of clownfishes in captivity |journal=Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences |date=October 2012 |volume=41 |issue=5 |pages=430–441 |url=http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/14876/1/IJMS%2041(5)%20430-441.pdf}}</ref>
Clownfish hatchlings undergo development after hatching in regards to both their body size and [https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?AN= fins]. If maintained at the demanded [https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?AN= thermal regulation], Clownfish undergo proper development of their fins. According to the ''Aquatic Living Resouce Vol.25 (Slembrouck, Baras, & Legendre, (2012)'' Clownfish follow the ensuing order in their fin development "Pectorals < caudal < dorsal = anal < pelvic". The early [https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?AN= larval stage] is crucial to ensure a healthy progression of growth.<ref name = designer>{{cite journal |author=Anikuttan Kuttan Kuravamparambu |author2=Rameshkumar Palsamy |author3=Nazar Abdul Khudus |author4=Jayakumar Rengarajan |author5=Tamilmani Govindan|author6=Sakthivel Mohammed |author7=Sankar Murugesan |author8=Bavithra Rajendran |author9=Johnson Belevendran |author10=Krishnaveni Nataraj |author11=Mercy Augustin Angela |author12=Moulitharan Nallathambi |author13=Narasimapallavan Gunasekharan Iyyapparaja |author14=Thomas Tinto |author15=Rao Galinki Hanumanta |author16=Jayasingh Muthu |author17=Joseph Imelda|author18=Ignatius Boby |author19=Madhu Kuttan |author20=Gopalakrishnan Achamveetil |display-authors=3 |title=Designer clown fishes: Unraveling the ambiguities |journal=Frontiers in Marine Science |volume=9 |year=2022 |doi=10.3389/fmars.2022.907362 |issn=2296-7745 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
==Taxonomy ==
Historically, anemonefish have been identified by [[Morphology (biology)|morphological]] features and color pattern in the field, while in a laboratory, other features such as [[Fish scale|scalation]] of the head, tooth shape, and body proportions are used.{{r|FieldGuide}} These features have been used to group species into six [[Species complex|complexes]]: [[Percula clown|percula]], [[Tomato clownfish|tomato]], [[Skunk clownfish (disambiguation)|skunk]], [[Clark's anemonefish|clarkii]], [[Saddleback clownfish|saddleback]], and [[Maroon clownfish|maroon]].{{r|Goemans}} As can be seen from the gallery, each of the fish in these complexes has a similar appearance. [[Genetic analysis]] has shown that these complexes are not [[Monophyly|monophyletic group]]s, particularly the 11 species in the ''A. clarkii'' group, where only ''A. clarkii'' and ''A. tricintus'' are in the same [[clade]], with six species,''A . allardi'' ''A. bicinctus'', ''A. chagosensis'', ''A. chrosgaster'', ''A. fuscocaudatus'', ''A. latifasciatus'', and ''A. omanensis'' being in an Indian clade, ''A. chrysopterus'' having [[Monotypic taxon|monospecific]] lineage, and ''A. akindynos'' in the Australian clade with ''A. mccullochi''.{{r|Hybrid}} Other significant differences are that ''A. latezonatus'' also has monospecific lineage, and ''A. nigripes'' is in the Indian clade rather than with ''A. akallopisos'', the skunk anemonefish.{{r|DeAngelis}} ''A. latezonatus'' is more closely related to ''A. percula'' and ''Premnas biaculeatus'' than to the saddleback fish with which it was previously grouped.{{r|Radiation}}{{r|DeAngelis}}
Obligate [[Mutualism (biology)|mutualism]] was thought to be the key innovation that allowed anemonefish to radiate rapidly, with rapid and convergent morphological changes correlated with the ecological niches offered by the host anemones.{{r|Radiation}} The complexity of [[mitochondrial DNA]] structure shown by genetic analysis of the Australian clade suggested evolutionary connectivity among samples of ''A. akindynos'' and ''A. mccullochi'' that the authors theorize was the result of historical [[Hybrid (biology)|hybridization]] and [[introgression]] in the evolutionary past. The two evolutionary groups had individuals of both species detected, thus the species lacked reciprocal monophyly. No shared [[haplotype]]s were found between species.{{r|Ecology}}
===Phylogenetic relationships===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!scope=col |Scientific name
!scope=col |Common name
!scope=col |[[Clade]] {{r|Hybrid}}
!scope=col |Complex
!scope=col |image
|-
|-class="sorttop"
! colspan="5" style="text-align:left" | Genus ''Amphiprion'':<ref>{{FishBase genus|genus=Amphiprion|year=2011|month=December}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Amphiprion akallopisos]]'' || Skunk anemonefish || ''A. akallopisos'' || Skunk || [[File:Amphiprion akallopisos 13376076.jpg|160px]]
|-
| [[Amphiprion akindynos|''A. akindynos'']] || || Australian || ''A. clarkii'' || [[File:Amphiprion akindynos.jpg|160px]]
|-
| [[Amphiprion allardi|''A. allardi'']] || Allard's anemonefish || Indian || ''A. clarkii'' || [[File:Amphiprion allardi in the UShaka Sea World 1038.jpg|160px]]
|-
| [[Amphiprion barberi|''A. barberi'']] || Barber's anemonefish || ''A. ephippium ''|| ''A. ephippium'' || [[File:Amphiprion barberi.jpg|160px]]
|-
| [[Amphiprion bicinctus|''A. bicinctus'']] || Two-band anemonefish || Indian || ''A. clarkii'' || [[File:Amphiprion bicinctus by Patryk Krzyzak.jpg|160px]]
|-
| [[Amphiprion chagosensis|''A. chagosensis'']] || Chagos anemonefish || Indian || ''A. clarkii'' || [[File:A, chagosensis 2.jpg|160px]]
|-
| [[Amphiprion chrysogaster|''A. chrysogaster'']] || Mauritian anemonefish || Indian || ''A. clarkii'' || [[File:Pomacentridae Amphiprion chrysogaster 1.jpg|160px]]
|-
| ''[[Orange-fin anemonefish|A. chrysopterus]]'' || Orange-fin anemonefish || [[Monotypic taxon|Monospecific]] lineage || ''A. clarkii'' || [[File:Diving at Siaes Tunnel, Palau.jpg|160px]]
|-
| [[Amphiprion clarkii|''A. clarkii'']] || Clark's anemonefish || ''A. clarkii'' || ''A. clarkii'' || [[File:Amphiprion clarkii sipadan.jpg|160px]]
|-
| [[Amphiprion ephippium|''A. ephippium'']] || Red saddleback anemonefish || ''A. ephippium'' || ''A. ephippium'' || [[File:Amphiprion ephippium.jpg|160px]]
|-
| [[Amphiprion frenatus|''A. frenatus'']] || Tomato anemonefish || ''A. ephippium'' || ''A. ephippium'' || [[File:Tomato clownfish, Amphiprion frenatus.jpg|160px]]
|-
| [[Amphiprion fuscocaudatus|''A. fuscocaudatus'']] || Seychelles anemonefish || Indian {{refn|group=n|name=fuscocaudatus|Exemplars of ''A. fuscocaudatus'' have never been sequenced. The authors hypothetically placed this species in the Indian clade because it is the most parsimonious solution regarding the biogeography of anemonefish species.{{r|Hybrid}}}} || Clarkii || [[File:Amphiprion fuscocaudatus.jpg|160px]]
|-
| [[Amphiprion latezonatus|''A. latezonatus'']] || Wide-band anemonefish || [[Monotypic taxon|Monospecific]] lineage || Saddleback || [[File:Amphiprion latezonatus, Norfolk.jpg|160px]]
|-
| [[Amphiprion latifasciatus|''A. latifasciatus'']] || Madagascar anemonefish || Indian || ''A. clarkii'' || [[File:Mohéli-Poisson clown.jpg|160px]]
|-
| [[Amphiprion leucokranos|''A. leucokranos'']] || White-bonnet anemonefish || Likely hybrid || Skunk || [[File:Amphiprion leucokranos.jpg|160px]]
|-
| [[Amphiprion mccullochi|''A. mccullochi'']] || Whitesnout anemonefish || Australian || ''A. ephippium'' || [[File:Amphiprion mccullochi RLS3.jpg|160px]]
|-
| [[Amphiprion melanopus|''A. melanopus'']] || Red and black anemonefish || ''A. ephippium ''|| ''A. ephippium'' || [[File:Amphiprion melanopus RLS.jpg|160px]]
|-
| [[Amphiprion nigripes|''A. nigripes'']] || Maldive anemonefish || Indian || Skunk || [[File:Pomacentridae - Amphiprion nigripes.jpg|160px]]
|-
| [[Amphiprion ocellaris|''A. ocellaris'']] || False clown anemonefish || Percula || Clownfish || [[File:Amphiprion ocellaris (1).jpg|160px]]
|-
| [[Amphiprion omanensis|''A. omanensis'']] || Oman anemonefish || Indian || ''A. clarkii'' || [[File:Amphiprion omanensis.TIF|160px]]
|-
| [[Amphiprion pacificus|''A. pacificus'']] || Pacific anemonefish || ''A. akallopisos'' || Skunk ||[[File:Aqua 16 3 Amphi 4c46fc294148b.jpg|frameless|160x160px]]
|-
| [[Amphiprion percula|''A. percula'']] || Clown anemonefish || Percula || Clownfish || [[File:A. percula.jpg|160px]]
|-
| [[Amphiprion perideraion|''A. perideraion'']] || Pink skunk anemonefish || ''A. akallopisos'' || Skunk || [[File:Amphiprion perideraion - Wilhelma 01.jpg|160px]]
|-
| [[Amphiprion polymnus|''A. polymnus'']] || Saddleback anemonefish || ''A. polymnus'' || Saddleback || [[File:Amphiprion Species.JPG|160px]]
|-
| [[Amphiprion rubrocinctus|''A. rubrocinctus'']] || Australian anemonefish || ''A. ephippium'' || ''A. ephippium'' || [[File:Amphiprion rubrocinctus RLS.jpg|160px]]
|-
| [[Amphiprion sandaracinos|''A. sandaracinos'']] || Orange anemonefish || ''A. akallopisos'' || Skunk || [[File:Orange skunk clownfish (Amphiprion sandaracinos) (35272137194).jpg|160px]]
|-
| [[Amphiprion sebae|''A. sebae'']] || Sebae anemonefish || ''A. polymnus'' || Saddleback || [[File:Clownfish-mileswu.jpg|160px]]
|-
| [[Amphiprion thiellei|''A. thiellei'']] || Thielle's anemonefish || Likely hybrid || Skunk ||
|-
| [[Amphiprion tricinctus|''A. tricinctus'']] || Three-band anemonefish || Clarkii || Clarkii || [[File:Amphiprion tricinctus 11-2022.JPG|160px]]
|-
|-class="sortbottom"
! colspan="5" style="text-align:left" | Genus ''Premnas'':<ref>{{FishBase genus|genus=Premnas|year=2011|month=December}}</ref>
|-
|-class="sortbottom"
| ''[[Premnas biaculeatus]]'' || Maroon anemonefish || Percula || Maroon || [[File:Premnas biaculeatus juvenile.jpg|160px]]
|-
|}
===Morphological diversity by complex===
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
File:Blackandorangefalsepercs.JPG|''[[Amphiprion percula|A. percula]]'' (clown anemonefish) in a 'normal' orange and a [[melanism|melanistic]] blackish variant
File:Amphiprion clarkii.jpg|''[[Amphiprion clarkii|A. clarkii]] '' (Clark's anemonefish)
File:Amphiprion Species.JPG|''[[Amphiprion polymnus|A. polymnus]]'' (saddleback clownfish) off [[Sulawesi]], [[Indonesia]]
File:Amphiprion ephippium.jpg|''[[Amphiprion ephippium|A. ephippium]]'' (red saddleback anemonefish)
File:Pink Skunk Clownfish.jpg|''[[Amphiprion perideraion|A. perideraion]]'' (pink skunk anemonefish)
File:Clownfish (Papua New Guinea).jpg|Male ''[[Premnas biaculeatus|P. biaculeatus]]'' (maroon anemonefish) in [[Papua New Guinea]]
</gallery>
==In the aquarium==
Anemonefish make up approximately 43% of the global marine ornamental trade, and approximately 25% of the global trade comes from fish bred in captivity, while the majority is captured from the wild,<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1007/978-94-007-6016-5_17 |chapter=Hatchery Production of Marine Ornamental Fishes: An Alternate Livelihood Option for the Island Community at Lakshadweep |title=Climate Change and Island and Coastal Vulnerability |year=2013 |last1=Dhaneesh |first1=K. V. |last2=Vinoth |first2=R. |last3=Ghosh |first3=Swagat |last4=Gopi |first4=M. |last5=Kumar |first5=T. T. Ajith |last6=Balasubramanian |first6=T. |pages=253–265 |isbn=978-94-007-6015-8 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Taylor, M.|url=http://www.unep.org/pdf/from_ocean_to_aquarium_report.pdf|title=From ocean to aquarium: A global trade in marine ornamental species|author2=Razak, T.|author3=Green, E.|publisher=UNEP world conservation and monitoring centre (WCMC)|year=2003|pages=1–64|access-date=18 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040701215234/http://www.unep.org/pdf/from_ocean_to_aquarium_report.pdf|archive-date=July 1, 2004|name-list-style=amp}}</ref> accounting for decreased densities in exploited areas.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shuman |first1=Craig S. |last2=Hodgson |first2=Gregor |last3=Ambrose |first3=Richard F. |title=Population impacts of collecting sea anemones and anemonefish for the marine aquarium trade in the Philippines |journal=Coral Reefs |date=December 2005 |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=564–573 |doi=10.1007/s00338-005-0027-z |bibcode=2005CorRe..24..564S |s2cid=25027153 }}</ref> Public aquaria and captive-breeding programs are essential to sustain their trade as marine ornamentals, and has recently become economically feasible.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Watson |first1=Craig A. |last2=Hill |first2=Jeffrey E. |title=Design criteria for recirculating, marine ornamental production systems |journal=Aquacultural Engineering |date=May 2006 |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=157–162 |doi=10.1016/j.aquaeng.2005.07.002 |bibcode=2006AqEng..34..157W }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Hall|first=Heather|title=Marine Ornamental Species: Collection, Culture and Conservation|year=2003|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|isbn=978-0-8138-2987-6|pages=303–326|author-link=The role of public aquariums in the conservation and stability of the marine ornamentals trade|author2=Douglas Warmolts|editor=James C. Cato|editor2=Christopher L. Brown|chapter=23}}</ref> It is one of a handful of marine ornamentals whose complete [[Biological life cycle|lifecycle]] has been in closed captivity. Members of some anemonefish species, such as the maroon clownfish, become aggressive in captivity; others, like the false percula clownfish, can be kept successfully with other individuals of the same species.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tullock |first1=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NWZHcIrhEiQC |title=Clownfish and Sea Anemones |edition=illustrated |publisher=Barron's Educational Series |year=1998 |pages=11–22 |access-date=2015-05-11 |isbn=9780764105111 }}</ref>
When a sea anemone is not available in an [[aquarium]], the anemonefish may settle in some varieties of [[alcyonacea|soft coral]]s, or large polyp stony [[coral]]s.<ref name="AA">{{cite web|last1=Fatherree|first1=James W|title=Aquarium Fish: On the Clownfishes' Range of Hosts|url=http://www.advancedaquarist.com/2014/3/fish2|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140322222515/http://www.advancedaquarist.com/2014/3/fish2|archive-date=March 22, 2014|access-date=31 December 2016|website=Advanced Aquarist}}</ref> Once an anemone or coral has been adopted, the anemonefish will defend it. Anemonefish, however, are not obligately tied to hosts, and can survive alone in captivity.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Daphne Gail Fautin |year=1991 |title=The anemonefish symbiosis: what is known and what is not |journal=[[Symbiosis (journal)|Symbiosis]] |volume=10 |pages=23–46 |url=http://www.nhm.ku.edu/inverts/pdf/Fautin_anemonefishsymbiosis_1991.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525134758/http://www.nhm.ku.edu/inverts/pdf/Fautin_anemonefishsymbiosis_1991.pdf |archive-date=2012-05-25 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Ronald L. Shimek |year=2004 |page=83 |title=Marine Invertebrates |publisher=T.F.H. Publications |location=[[Neptune City, New Jersey|Neptune City, NJ]] |isbn=978-1-890087-66-1}}</ref>
Clownfish sold from captivity make up a very small account (10%) of the total trade of these fishes. Designer Clownfish, scientifically named A. ocellaris are much costlier and obtaining them has disrupted their coral reefs. Their attractive allure, color, and patterning have made them out to be an attractive target in wild trading.<ref name = designer/>
==In popular culture==
[[File:Clownfish cake.jpg|thumb|154x154px|''Finding Nemo'' [[Birthday cake|birthday cakes]] featuring clownfish are popular.]]
In [[Disney]] [[Pixar]]'s 2003 film ''[[Finding Nemo]]'' and its 2016 sequel ''[[Finding Dory]]'' main characters Nemo, his father Marlin, and his mother Coral are clownfish from the species ''[[Ocellaris clownfish|A. ocellaris]]''.<ref name="rottentomatoes">{{cite web|title=Finding Nemo (2003)|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/finding_nemo/|access-date=5 April 2016|website=Rotten Tomatoes}}</ref> The popularity of anemonefish for aquaria increased following the film's release; it is the first film associated with an increase in the numbers of those captured in the wild.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kV9GDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA179|page=179|title=Marine Ornamental Species Aquaculture|first1=Ricardo|last1=Calado|first2=Ike|last2=Olivotto|first3=Miquel Planas|last3=Oliver|first4=G. Joan|last4=Holt|date=6 March 2017|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|via=Google Books|isbn=9780470673904}}</ref>
==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=n}}
==References==
{{Reflist|33em|refs=
<ref name="Hybrid">{{cite journal |last1=Litsios |first1=Glenn |last2=Salamin |first2=Nicolas |title=Hybridisation and diversification in the adaptive radiation of clownfishes |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |date=December 2014 |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=245 |doi=10.1186/s12862-014-0245-5 |pmid=25433367 |pmc=4264551 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2014BMCEE..14..245L }}</ref>
<ref name="FieldGuide">{{cite book|last=Fautin|first=Daphne G.|author2=Allen, Gerald R. |title=Field Guide to Anemone Fishes and Their Host Sea Anemones |publisher=[[Western Australian Museum]] |year=1997 |url=http://www.nhm.ku.edu/inverts/ebooks/intro.html |isbn=9780730983651 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150414095302/http://www.nhm.ku.edu/inverts/ebooks/intro.html |archive-date=14 April 2015}}</ref>
<ref name=Goemans>{{cite web |url=http://www.saltcorner.com/AquariumLibrary/browsegroupspecies.php?GroupID=1 |author=Goemans, B. |title=Anemonefishes |access-date=20 September 2015}}</ref>
<ref name="Radiation">{{cite journal |last1=Litsios |first1=Glenn |last2=Sims |first2=Carrie A |last3=Wüest |first3=Rafael O |last4=Pearman |first4=Peter B |last5=Zimmermann |first5=Niklaus E |last6=Salamin |first6=Nicolas |title=Mutualism with sea anemones triggered the adaptive radiation of clownfishes |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |date=2012 |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=212 |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-12-212 |pmid=23122007 |pmc=3532366 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2012BMCEE..12..212L }}</ref>
<ref name=DeAngelis>{{cite web |url=http://www.advancedaquarist.com/blog/what-we-really-know-about-the-diversity-of-clownfish-1 |author=DeAngelis, R. |title=What we really know about the diversity of Clownfish |access-date=20 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925122657/http://www.advancedaquarist.com/blog/what-we-really-know-about-the-diversity-of-clownfish-1 |archive-date=2015-09-25 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
<ref name=Ecology>{{cite journal |last1=van der Meer |first1=M. H. |last2=Jones |first2=G. P. |last3=Hobbs |first3=J.-P. A. |last4=van Herwerden |first4=L. |title=Historic hybridization and introgression between two iconic Australian anemonefish and contemporary patterns of population connectivity: Historic Hybridization between Anemonefish |journal=Ecology and Evolution |date=July 2012 |volume=2 |issue=7 |pages=1592–1604 |doi=10.1002/ece3.251 |pmid=22957165 |pmc=3434915 }}</ref>
<ref="Clownfish">{{cite web |title=Clownfish Biology |url=http://tolweb.org/treehouses/?treehouse_id=3390 |website=tolweb.org |access-date=17 August 2019}}</ref>
<ref="Ocellaris clownfish">{{cite web |last1=Animals |first1=Alina Bradford 2016-07-13T23:00:54Z |title=Facts About Clownfish |url=https://www.livescience.com/55399-clownfish.html |website=livescience.com |date=13 July 2016 |access-date=17 August 2019 |language=en}}</ref> }}
<ref>Baras, E., Slembrouck, J., Priyadi, A., Satyani, D., Pouyaud, L., & Legendre, M. (2012). Biology and culture of the clown loach Chromobotia macracanthus (Cypriniformes, Cobitidae): 3-Ontogeny, ecological and aquacultural implications. Aquatic Living Resources, 25(2), 119-130.</ref>
<ref>Anikuttan, K. K., Rameshkumar, P., Nazar, A. K., Jayakumar, R., Tamilmani, G., Sakthivel, M., ... & Gopalakrishnan, A. (2022). Designer Clown Fishes: Unraveling the ambiguities. Frontiers in Marine Science, 9, 907362. </ref>
<ref>Slembrouck, J., Priyadi, A., Permana, A., Ginanjar, R., Baras, E., Satyani, D., ... & Legendre, M. (2012). Biology and culture of the clown loach Chromobotia macracanthus (Cypriniformes, Cobitidae): 2-Importance of water movement and temperature during egg incubation. Aquatic Living Resources, 25(2), 109-118. </ref>
==Further reading==
*{{cite journal |last1=Casas |first1=Laura |last2=Saborido-Rey |first2=Fran |last3=Ryu |first3=Taewoo |last4=Michell |first4=Craig |last5=Ravasi |first5=Timothy |last6=Irigoien |first6=Xabier |date=2016-10-17 |title=Sex Change in Clownfish: Molecular Insights from Transcriptome Analysis |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=6 |pages=35461 |doi=10.1038/srep35461 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=5066260 |pmid=27748421|bibcode=2016NatSR...635461C }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Roux |first1=Natacha |last2=Lami |first2=Raphaël |last3=Salis |first3=Pauline |last4=Magré |first4=Kévin |last5=Romans |first5=Pascal |last6=Masanet |first6=Patrick |last7=Lecchini |first7=David |last8=Laudet |first8=Vincent |title=Sea anemone and clownfish microbiota diversity and variation during the initial steps of symbiosis |journal=Scientific Reports |date=December 2019 |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=19491 |doi=10.1038/s41598-019-55756-w |pmid=31862916 |pmc=6925283 |bibcode=2019NatSR...919491R }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Vargas-Abúndez |first1=Arturo Jorge |last2=Randazzo |first2=Basilio |last3=Foddai |first3=Marco |last4=Sanchini |first4=Lorenzo |last5=Truzzi |first5=Cristina |last6=Giorgini |first6=Elisabetta |last7=Gasco |first7=Laura |last8=Olivotto |first8=Ike |title=Insect meal based diets for clownfish: Biometric, histological, spectroscopic, biochemical and molecular implications |journal=Aquaculture |date=January 2019 |volume=498 |pages=1–11 |doi=10.1016/j.aquaculture.2018.08.018 |bibcode=2019Aquac.498....1V |hdl=2318/1674109 |s2cid=92357750 |hdl-access=free }}
==External links==
{{Commons category|Amphiprioninae}}
{{Wikispecies|Amphiprioninae}}
* {{in lang|de}} [http://www.torsten-ernst.de/modules.php?name=Gallery&file=categories&cat_id=13 Photo Gallery of ''Amphiprion ocellaris'' and their eggs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210313145247/http://www.torsten-ernst.de/modules.php?name=Gallery&file=categories&cat_id=13 |date=13 March 2021 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080724075222/http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/efc/efc_splash/splash_animals_clownfish.aspx Monterey Bay Aquarium: Video and information]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100609112916/http://www.tommyschultz.com/component/searchimage/clown-fish-best/1.html Clown Fish underwater photography gallery]
* [http://www.aquaticcommunity.com/clownfish/ Aquaticcommunity.com]
* [http://tolweb.org/treehouses/?treehouse_id=3390 Tolweb.org]
{{Taxonbar|from=Q472616}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Amphiprioninae}}
[[Category:Pomacentridae]]
[[Category:Symbiosis]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Ray-finned fish subfamilies]]
[[Category:Fish of Saudi Arabia]]' |
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html ) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Subfamily of fishes</div>
<p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219498088">html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}</style>
</p>
<table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%">
<tbody><tr>
<th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Clownfish
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Amphiprion_ocellaris_(Clown_anemonefish)_by_Nick_Hobgood.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Amphiprion_ocellaris_%28Clown_anemonefish%29_by_Nick_Hobgood.jpg/220px-Amphiprion_ocellaris_%28Clown_anemonefish%29_by_Nick_Hobgood.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Amphiprion_ocellaris_%28Clown_anemonefish%29_by_Nick_Hobgood.jpg/330px-Amphiprion_ocellaris_%28Clown_anemonefish%29_by_Nick_Hobgood.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Amphiprion_ocellaris_%28Clown_anemonefish%29_by_Nick_Hobgood.jpg/440px-Amphiprion_ocellaris_%28Clown_anemonefish%29_by_Nick_Hobgood.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1499" /></a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><a href="/wiki/Ocellaris_clownfish" title="Ocellaris clownfish">Ocellaris clownfish</a> (<i>Amphiprion ocellaris</i>)
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Amphiprioninae" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>Domain:
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Kingdom:
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Phylum:
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Class:
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Actinopterygii" title="Actinopterygii">Actinopterygii</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><i>Clade</i>:
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Percomorpha" title="Percomorpha">Percomorpha</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>(unranked):
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Ovalentaria" title="Ovalentaria">Ovalentaria</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Family:
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Pomacentridae" title="Pomacentridae">Pomacentridae</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Subfamily:
</td>
<td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Amphiprioninae</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Gerald_R._Allen" title="Gerald R. Allen">Allen</a>, 1975</small>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Genera
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: left">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amphiprion" title="Amphiprion">Amphiprion</a></i> <small><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Elieser_Bloch" title="Marcus Elieser Bloch">Bloch</a> & <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlob_Schneider" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Gottlob Schneider">Schneider</a>, 1801</small></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Premnas" class="mw-redirect" title="Premnas">Premnas</a></i> <small><a href="/wiki/Georges_Cuvier" title="Georges Cuvier">Cuvier</a>, 1816</small></li></ul>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<p><b>Clownfish</b> or <b>anemonefish</b> are <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fishes</a> from the subfamily <b>Amphiprioninae</b> in the family <a href="/wiki/Pomacentridae" title="Pomacentridae">Pomacentridae</a>. Thirty <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> of clownfish are recognized: one in the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Maroon_clownfish" title="Maroon clownfish">Premnas</a></i>, while the remaining are in the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Amphiprion" title="Amphiprion">Amphiprion</a></i>. In the wild, they all form <a href="/wiki/Symbiosis" title="Symbiosis">symbiotic</a> <a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(biology)" title="Mutualism (biology)">mutualisms</a> with <a href="/wiki/Sea_anemone" title="Sea anemone">sea anemones</a>. Depending on the species, anemonefish are overall yellow, orange, or a reddish or blackish color, and many show white bars or patches. The largest can reach a length of <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>17 cm (<span class="frac">6<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in), while the smallest barely achieve <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">7–8 cm (<span class="frac">2<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span>–<span class="frac">3<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> in).
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Distribution_and_habitat"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Distribution and habitat</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Diet"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Diet</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Symbiosis_and_mutualism"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Symbiosis and mutualism</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Reproduction"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Reproduction</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Parental_investment"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Parental investment</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Taxonomy"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Taxonomy</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Phylogenetic_relationships"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Phylogenetic relationships</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Morphological_diversity_by_complex"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Morphological diversity by complex</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#In_the_aquarium"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">In the aquarium</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#In_popular_culture"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">In popular culture</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Distribution_and_habitat">Distribution and habitat</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clownfish&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Distribution and habitat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Anemonefish are endemic to the warmer waters of the Indian Ocean, including the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>, and Pacific Ocean, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Barrier_Reef" title="Great Barrier Reef">Great Barrier Reef</a>, Southeast Asia, Japan, and the Indo-Malaysian region. While most species have restricted distributions, others are widespread. Anemonefish typically live at the bottom of shallow seas in sheltered <a href="/wiki/Reef" title="Reef">reefs</a> or in shallow <a href="/wiki/Lagoon" title="Lagoon">lagoons</a>. No anemonefish are found in the Atlantic.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup>
</p><p><br />
This means the skibidi ohio rizzler will sigma the freddy fazbear gigachad
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Diet">Diet</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clownfish&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Diet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amphiprion_ocellaris_(Clown_anemonefish)_in_Heteractis_magnifica_(Sea_anemone).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Amphiprion_ocellaris_%28Clown_anemonefish%29_in_Heteractis_magnifica_%28Sea_anemone%29.jpg/170px-Amphiprion_ocellaris_%28Clown_anemonefish%29_in_Heteractis_magnifica_%28Sea_anemone%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Amphiprion_ocellaris_%28Clown_anemonefish%29_in_Heteractis_magnifica_%28Sea_anemone%29.jpg/255px-Amphiprion_ocellaris_%28Clown_anemonefish%29_in_Heteractis_magnifica_%28Sea_anemone%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Amphiprion_ocellaris_%28Clown_anemonefish%29_in_Heteractis_magnifica_%28Sea_anemone%29.jpg/340px-Amphiprion_ocellaris_%28Clown_anemonefish%29_in_Heteractis_magnifica_%28Sea_anemone%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1260" data-file-height="1680" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ocellaris_clownfish" title="Ocellaris clownfish">Ocellaris clownfish</a> nestled in a <a href="/wiki/Heteractis_magnifica" title="Heteractis magnifica">magnificent sea anemone</a> (<i>Heteractis magnifica</i>)</figcaption></figure>
<p>Anemonefish are <a href="/wiki/Omnivore" title="Omnivore">omnivorous</a> and can feed on undigested food from their host anemones, and the <a href="/wiki/Feces" title="Feces">fecal</a> matter from the anemonefish provides nutrients to the sea anemone. Anemonefish primarily feed on small <a href="/wiki/Zooplankton" title="Zooplankton">zooplankton</a> from the water column, such as <a href="/wiki/Copepods" class="mw-redirect" title="Copepods">copepods</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tunicate" title="Tunicate">tunicate</a> larvae, with a small portion of their diet coming from algae, with the exception of <i><a href="/wiki/Pink_skunk_clownfish" title="Pink skunk clownfish">Amphiprion perideraion</a></i>, which primarily feeds on <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FieldGuide_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FieldGuide-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-D._Porat_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D._Porat-3">[3]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Symbiosis_and_mutualism">Symbiosis and mutualism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clownfish&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Symbiosis and mutualism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Anemonefish and sea anemones have a symbiotic, mutualistic relationship, each providing many benefits to the other. The individual species are generally highly host specific. The sea anemone protects the anemonefish from predators, as well as providing food through the scraps left from the anemone's meals and occasional dead anemone tentacles, and functions as a safe nest site. In return, the anemonefish defends the anemone from its predators and parasites.<sup id="cite_ref-natgeowild_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-natgeowild-4">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> The anemone also picks up nutrients from the anemonefish's excrement.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> The nitrogen excreted from anemonefish increases the number of algae incorporated into the tissue of their hosts, which aids the anemone in tissue growth and regeneration.<sup id="cite_ref-D._Porat_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D._Porat-3">[3]</a></sup> The activity of the anemonefish results in greater water circulation around the sea anemone,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> and it has been suggested that their bright coloring might lure small fish to the anemone, which then catches them.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup> Studies on anemonefish have found that they alter the flow of water around sea anemone tentacles by certain behaviors and movements such as "wedging" and "switching". Aeration of the host anemone tentacles allows for benefits to the metabolism of both partners, mainly by increasing anemone body size and both anemonefish and anemone respiration.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup>
</p><p>Bleaching of the host anemone can occur when warm temperatures cause a reduction in algal symbionts within the anemone. Bleaching of the host can cause a short-term increase in the metabolic rate of resident anemonefish, probably as a result of acute stress.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup> Over time, however, there appears to be a down-regulation of metabolism and a reduced growth rate for fish associated with bleached anemones. These effects may stem from reduced food availability (e.g. anemone waste products, symbiotic algae) for the anemonefish.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup>
</p><p>Several theories are given about how they can survive the sea anemone venom:
</p>
<ul><li>The mucus coating of the fish may be based on <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugars</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a>. This would mean that anemones fail to recognize the fish as a potential food source and do not fire their <a href="/wiki/Cnidocyte" title="Cnidocyte">nematocysts</a>, or sting <a href="/wiki/Organelle" title="Organelle">organelles</a>.</li>
<li>The <a href="/wiki/Coevolution" title="Coevolution">coevolution</a> of certain species of anemonefish with specific anemone host species may have allowed the fish to evolve an immunity to the nematocysts and toxins of their hosts. <i><a href="/wiki/Orange_clownfish" title="Orange clownfish">Amphiprion percula</a></i> may develop resistance to the toxin from <i><a href="/wiki/Heteractis_magnifica" title="Heteractis magnifica">Heteractis magnifica</a></i>, but it is not totally protected since it was shown experimentally to die when its skin, devoid of mucus, was exposed to the nematocysts of its host.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup></li></ul>
<p>Anemonefish are the best known example of fish that are able to live among the venomous sea anemone tentacles, but several others occur, including juvenile <a href="/wiki/Threespot_dascyllus" title="Threespot dascyllus">threespot dascyllus</a>, certain <a href="/wiki/Cardinalfish" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinalfish">cardinalfish</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Banggai_cardinalfish" title="Banggai cardinalfish">Banggai cardinalfish</a>), <a href="/wiki/Gobius_incognitus" title="Gobius incognitus">incognito (or anemone) goby</a>, and juvenile <a href="/wiki/Painted_greenling" title="Painted greenling">painted greenling</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Reproduction">Reproduction</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clownfish&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Reproduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nemo_clown_fish_1.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Nemo_clown_fish_1.gif/220px-Nemo_clown_fish_1.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Nemo_clown_fish_1.gif/330px-Nemo_clown_fish_1.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Nemo_clown_fish_1.gif/440px-Nemo_clown_fish_1.gif 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="270" /></a><figcaption>Clownfish swimming movements</figcaption></figure>
<p>In a group of anemonefish, a strict <a href="/wiki/Dominance_hierarchy" title="Dominance hierarchy">dominance hierarchy</a> exists. The largest and most aggressive female is found at the top. Only two anemonefish, a male and a female, in a group reproduce – through <a href="/wiki/External_fertilization" title="External fertilization">external fertilization</a>. Anemonefish are protandrous <a href="/wiki/Sequential_hermaphrodite" class="mw-redirect" title="Sequential hermaphrodite">sequential hermaphrodites</a>, meaning they develop into males first, and when they mature, they become females. If the female anemonefish is removed from the group, such as by death, one of the largest and most dominant males becomes a female.<sup id="cite_ref-Buston_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buston-16">[16]</a></sup> The remaining males move up a rank in the hierarchy. Clownfish live in a hierarchy, like hyenas, except smaller and based on size not sex, and order of joining/birth.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>Anemonefish lay eggs on any flat surface close to their host anemones. In the wild, anemonefish spawn around the time of the full moon. Depending on the species, they can lay hundreds or thousands of eggs. The male parent guards the eggs until they hatch about 6–10 days later, typically two hours after dusk.<sup id="cite_ref-Madhatters_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Madhatters-17">[17]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Parental_investment">Parental investment</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clownfish&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Parental investment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skunk_anemonefish.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Skunk_anemonefish.jpg/180px-Skunk_anemonefish.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Skunk_anemonefish.jpg/270px-Skunk_anemonefish.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Skunk_anemonefish.jpg/359px-Skunk_anemonefish.jpg 2x" data-file-width="471" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>A pair of pink anemonefish (<i><a href="/wiki/Amphiprion_perideraion" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphiprion perideraion">Amphiprion perideraion</a></i>) in their anemone home</figcaption></figure><p>
Anemonefish colonies usually consist of the reproductive male and female and a few male juveniles, which help tend the colony.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup> Although multiple males cohabit an environment with a single female, <a href="/wiki/Animal_sexual_behaviour#Polygamy" title="Animal sexual behaviour">polygamy</a> does not occur and only the adult pair exhibits reproductive behavior. However, if the female dies, the social hierarchy shifts with the breeding male exhibiting protandrous sex reversal to become the breeding female. The largest juvenile then becomes the new breeding male after a period of rapid growth.<sup id="cite_ref-Reproductive_Behavior_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reproductive_Behavior-19">[19]</a></sup> The existence of <a href="/wiki/Protandry" class="mw-redirect" title="Protandry">protandry</a> in anemonefish may rest on the case that nonbreeders modulate their phenotype in a way that causes breeders to tolerate them. This strategy prevents conflict by reducing competition between males for one female. For example, by purposefully modifying their growth rate to remain small and submissive, the juveniles in a colony present no threat to the fitness of the adult male, thereby protecting themselves from being evicted by the dominant fish.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Clownfish_in_anemone_off_Vanuatu.ogv/220px--Clownfish_in_anemone_off_Vanuatu.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="38" data-mwtitle="Clownfish_in_anemone_off_Vanuatu.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Clownfish_in_anemone_off_Vanuatu.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2b/Clownfish_in_anemone_off_Vanuatu.ogv/Clownfish_in_anemone_off_Vanuatu.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2b/Clownfish_in_anemone_off_Vanuatu.ogv/Clownfish_in_anemone_off_Vanuatu.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Clownfish_in_anemone_off_Vanuatu.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2b/Clownfish_in_anemone_off_Vanuatu.ogv/Clownfish_in_anemone_off_Vanuatu.ogv.m3u8" type="application/vnd.apple.mpegurl" data-transcodekey="m3u8" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></video></span><figcaption>Video of a <a href="/wiki/Cinnamon_clownfish" title="Cinnamon clownfish">cinnamon clownfish</a> swimming around an anemone</figcaption></figure><p>The reproductive cycle of anemonefish is often correlated with the lunar cycle. Rates of spawning for anemonefish peak around the first and third quarters of the moon. The timing of this <a href="/wiki/Spawn_(biology)" title="Spawn (biology)">spawn</a> means that the eggs hatch around the full moon or new moon periods. One explanation for this lunar clock is that spring tides produce the highest tides during full or new moons. Nocturnal hatching during high tide may reduce predation by allowing for a greater capacity for escape. Namely, the stronger currents and greater water volume during high tide protect the hatchlings by effectively sweeping them to safety. Before spawning, anemonefish exhibit increased rates of anemone and substrate biting, which help prepare and clean the nest for the spawn.<sup id="cite_ref-Reproductive_Behavior_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reproductive_Behavior-19">[19]</a></sup>
</p><p>Before making the clutch, the parents often clear an oval-shaped clutch varying in diameter for the spawn. Fecundity, or reproductive rate, of the females, usually ranges from 600 to 1,500 eggs depending on her size. In contrast to most animal species, the female only occasionally takes responsibility for the eggs, with males expending most of the time and effort. Male anemonefish care for their eggs by fanning and guarding them for 6 to 10 days until they hatch. In general, eggs develop more rapidly in a clutch when males fan properly, and fanning represents a crucial mechanism for successfully developing eggs. This suggests that males can control the success of hatching an egg clutch by investing different amounts of time and energy toward the eggs. For example, a male could choose to fan less in times of scarcity or fan more in times of abundance. Furthermore, males display increased alertness when guarding more valuable broods, or eggs in which paternity is guaranteed. Females, though, display generally less preference for parental behavior than males. All these suggest that males have increased parental investment towards eggs compared to females.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup>
</p><p>Clownfish hatchlings undergo development after hatching in regards to both their body size and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?AN=">fins</a>. If maintained at the demanded <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?AN=">thermal regulation</a>, Clownfish undergo proper development of their fins. According to the <i>Aquatic Living Resouce Vol.25 (Slembrouck, Baras, & Legendre, (2012)</i> Clownfish follow the ensuing order in their fin development "Pectorals < caudal < dorsal = anal < pelvic". The early <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?AN=">larval stage</a> is crucial to ensure a healthy progression of growth.<sup id="cite_ref-designer_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-designer-22">[22]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clownfish&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Taxonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Historically, anemonefish have been identified by <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphological</a> features and color pattern in the field, while in a laboratory, other features such as <a href="/wiki/Fish_scale" title="Fish scale">scalation</a> of the head, tooth shape, and body proportions are used.<sup id="cite_ref-FieldGuide_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FieldGuide-2">[2]</a></sup> These features have been used to group species into six <a href="/wiki/Species_complex" title="Species complex">complexes</a>: <a href="/wiki/Percula_clown" class="mw-redirect" title="Percula clown">percula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tomato_clownfish" title="Tomato clownfish">tomato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skunk_clownfish_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Skunk clownfish (disambiguation)">skunk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clark%27s_anemonefish" title="Clark's anemonefish">clarkii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saddleback_clownfish" title="Saddleback clownfish">saddleback</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maroon_clownfish" title="Maroon clownfish">maroon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Goemans_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goemans-23">[23]</a></sup> As can be seen from the gallery, each of the fish in these complexes has a similar appearance. <a href="/wiki/Genetic_analysis" title="Genetic analysis">Genetic analysis</a> has shown that these complexes are not <a href="/wiki/Monophyly" title="Monophyly">monophyletic groups</a>, particularly the 11 species in the <i>A. clarkii</i> group, where only <i>A. clarkii</i> and <i>A. tricintus</i> are in the same <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a>, with six species,<i>A . allardi</i> <i>A. bicinctus</i>, <i>A. chagosensis</i>, <i>A. chrosgaster</i>, <i>A. fuscocaudatus</i>, <i>A. latifasciatus</i>, and <i>A. omanensis</i> being in an Indian clade, <i>A. chrysopterus</i> having <a href="/wiki/Monotypic_taxon" title="Monotypic taxon">monospecific</a> lineage, and <i>A. akindynos</i> in the Australian clade with <i>A. mccullochi</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hybrid_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hybrid-24">[24]</a></sup> Other significant differences are that <i>A. latezonatus</i> also has monospecific lineage, and <i>A. nigripes</i> is in the Indian clade rather than with <i>A. akallopisos</i>, the skunk anemonefish.<sup id="cite_ref-DeAngelis_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeAngelis-25">[25]</a></sup> <i>A. latezonatus</i> is more closely related to <i>A. percula</i> and <i>Premnas biaculeatus</i> than to the saddleback fish with which it was previously grouped.<sup id="cite_ref-Radiation_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Radiation-26">[26]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DeAngelis_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeAngelis-25">[25]</a></sup>
</p><p>Obligate <a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(biology)" title="Mutualism (biology)">mutualism</a> was thought to be the key innovation that allowed anemonefish to radiate rapidly, with rapid and convergent morphological changes correlated with the ecological niches offered by the host anemones.<sup id="cite_ref-Radiation_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Radiation-26">[26]</a></sup> The complexity of <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">mitochondrial DNA</a> structure shown by genetic analysis of the Australian clade suggested evolutionary connectivity among samples of <i>A. akindynos</i> and <i>A. mccullochi</i> that the authors theorize was the result of historical <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">hybridization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Introgression" title="Introgression">introgression</a> in the evolutionary past. The two evolutionary groups had individuals of both species detected, thus the species lacked reciprocal monophyly. No shared <a href="/wiki/Haplotype" title="Haplotype">haplotypes</a> were found between species.<sup id="cite_ref-Ecology_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ecology-27">[27]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Phylogenetic_relationships">Phylogenetic relationships</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clownfish&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Phylogenetic relationships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<table class="wikitable sortable">
<caption>
</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<th scope="col">Scientific name
</th>
<th scope="col">Common name
</th>
<th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">Clade</a> <sup id="cite_ref-Hybrid_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hybrid-24">[24]</a></sup>
</th>
<th scope="col">Complex
</th>
<th scope="col">image
</th></tr>
<tr class="sorttop">
<th colspan="5" style="text-align:left">Genus <i>Amphiprion</i>:<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><i><a href="/wiki/Amphiprion_akallopisos" title="Amphiprion akallopisos">Amphiprion akallopisos</a></i></td>
<td>Skunk anemonefish</td>
<td><i>A. akallopisos</i></td>
<td>Skunk</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amphiprion_akallopisos_13376076.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Amphiprion_akallopisos_13376076.jpg/160px-Amphiprion_akallopisos_13376076.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Amphiprion_akallopisos_13376076.jpg/240px-Amphiprion_akallopisos_13376076.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Amphiprion_akallopisos_13376076.jpg/320px-Amphiprion_akallopisos_13376076.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Amphiprion_akindynos" title="Amphiprion akindynos"><i>A. akindynos</i></a></td>
<td></td>
<td>Australian</td>
<td><i>A. clarkii</i></td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amphiprion_akindynos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Amphiprion_akindynos.jpg/160px-Amphiprion_akindynos.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Amphiprion_akindynos.jpg/240px-Amphiprion_akindynos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Amphiprion_akindynos.jpg/320px-Amphiprion_akindynos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="1312" /></a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Amphiprion_allardi" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphiprion allardi"><i>A. allardi</i></a></td>
<td>Allard's anemonefish</td>
<td>Indian</td>
<td><i>A. clarkii</i></td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amphiprion_allardi_in_the_UShaka_Sea_World_1038.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Amphiprion_allardi_in_the_UShaka_Sea_World_1038.jpg/160px-Amphiprion_allardi_in_the_UShaka_Sea_World_1038.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Amphiprion_allardi_in_the_UShaka_Sea_World_1038.jpg/240px-Amphiprion_allardi_in_the_UShaka_Sea_World_1038.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Amphiprion_allardi_in_the_UShaka_Sea_World_1038.jpg/320px-Amphiprion_allardi_in_the_UShaka_Sea_World_1038.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2464" data-file-height="1632" /></a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Amphiprion_barberi" title="Amphiprion barberi"><i>A. barberi</i></a></td>
<td>Barber's anemonefish</td>
<td><i>A. ephippium </i></td>
<td><i>A. ephippium</i></td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amphiprion_barberi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Amphiprion_barberi.jpg/160px-Amphiprion_barberi.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Amphiprion_barberi.jpg/240px-Amphiprion_barberi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Amphiprion_barberi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="275" data-file-height="183" /></a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Amphiprion_bicinctus" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphiprion bicinctus"><i>A. bicinctus</i></a></td>
<td>Two-band anemonefish</td>
<td>Indian</td>
<td><i>A. clarkii</i></td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amphiprion_bicinctus_by_Patryk_Krzyzak.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Amphiprion_bicinctus_by_Patryk_Krzyzak.jpg/160px-Amphiprion_bicinctus_by_Patryk_Krzyzak.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Amphiprion_bicinctus_by_Patryk_Krzyzak.jpg/240px-Amphiprion_bicinctus_by_Patryk_Krzyzak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Amphiprion_bicinctus_by_Patryk_Krzyzak.jpg/320px-Amphiprion_bicinctus_by_Patryk_Krzyzak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="479" /></a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Amphiprion_chagosensis" title="Amphiprion chagosensis"><i>A. chagosensis</i></a></td>
<td>Chagos anemonefish</td>
<td>Indian</td>
<td><i>A. clarkii</i></td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A,_chagosensis_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/A%2C_chagosensis_2.jpg/160px-A%2C_chagosensis_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/A%2C_chagosensis_2.jpg/240px-A%2C_chagosensis_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/A%2C_chagosensis_2.jpg/320px-A%2C_chagosensis_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="677" /></a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Amphiprion_chrysogaster" title="Amphiprion chrysogaster"><i>A. chrysogaster</i></a></td>
<td>Mauritian anemonefish</td>
<td>Indian</td>
<td><i>A. clarkii</i></td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pomacentridae_Amphiprion_chrysogaster_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Pomacentridae_Amphiprion_chrysogaster_1.jpg/160px-Pomacentridae_Amphiprion_chrysogaster_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Pomacentridae_Amphiprion_chrysogaster_1.jpg/240px-Pomacentridae_Amphiprion_chrysogaster_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Pomacentridae_Amphiprion_chrysogaster_1.jpg/320px-Pomacentridae_Amphiprion_chrysogaster_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="864" /></a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><i><a href="/wiki/Orange-fin_anemonefish" title="Orange-fin anemonefish">A. chrysopterus</a></i></td>
<td>Orange-fin anemonefish</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Monotypic_taxon" title="Monotypic taxon">Monospecific</a> lineage</td>
<td><i>A. clarkii</i></td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diving_at_Siaes_Tunnel,_Palau.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Diving_at_Siaes_Tunnel%2C_Palau.jpg/160px-Diving_at_Siaes_Tunnel%2C_Palau.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Diving_at_Siaes_Tunnel%2C_Palau.jpg/240px-Diving_at_Siaes_Tunnel%2C_Palau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Diving_at_Siaes_Tunnel%2C_Palau.jpg/320px-Diving_at_Siaes_Tunnel%2C_Palau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Amphiprion_clarkii" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphiprion clarkii"><i>A. clarkii</i></a></td>
<td>Clark's anemonefish</td>
<td><i>A. clarkii</i></td>
<td><i>A. clarkii</i></td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amphiprion_clarkii_sipadan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Amphiprion_clarkii_sipadan.jpg/160px-Amphiprion_clarkii_sipadan.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Amphiprion_clarkii_sipadan.jpg/240px-Amphiprion_clarkii_sipadan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Amphiprion_clarkii_sipadan.jpg/320px-Amphiprion_clarkii_sipadan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Amphiprion_ephippium" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphiprion ephippium"><i>A. ephippium</i></a></td>
<td>Red saddleback anemonefish</td>
<td><i>A. ephippium</i></td>
<td><i>A. ephippium</i></td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amphiprion_ephippium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Amphiprion_ephippium.jpg/160px-Amphiprion_ephippium.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Amphiprion_ephippium.jpg/240px-Amphiprion_ephippium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Amphiprion_ephippium.jpg/320px-Amphiprion_ephippium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="732" /></a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Amphiprion_frenatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphiprion frenatus"><i>A. frenatus</i></a></td>
<td>Tomato anemonefish</td>
<td><i>A. ephippium</i></td>
<td><i>A. ephippium</i></td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomato_clownfish,_Amphiprion_frenatus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Tomato_clownfish%2C_Amphiprion_frenatus.jpg/160px-Tomato_clownfish%2C_Amphiprion_frenatus.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Tomato_clownfish%2C_Amphiprion_frenatus.jpg/240px-Tomato_clownfish%2C_Amphiprion_frenatus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Tomato_clownfish%2C_Amphiprion_frenatus.jpg/320px-Tomato_clownfish%2C_Amphiprion_frenatus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2439" data-file-height="1737" /></a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Amphiprion_fuscocaudatus" title="Amphiprion fuscocaudatus"><i>A. fuscocaudatus</i></a></td>
<td>Seychelles anemonefish</td>
<td>Indian <sup id="cite_ref-fuscocaudatus_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fuscocaudatus-29">[n 1]</a></sup></td>
<td>Clarkii</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amphiprion_fuscocaudatus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Amphiprion_fuscocaudatus.jpg/160px-Amphiprion_fuscocaudatus.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Amphiprion_fuscocaudatus.jpg/240px-Amphiprion_fuscocaudatus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Amphiprion_fuscocaudatus.jpg/320px-Amphiprion_fuscocaudatus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Amphiprion_latezonatus" title="Amphiprion latezonatus"><i>A. latezonatus</i></a></td>
<td>Wide-band anemonefish</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Monotypic_taxon" title="Monotypic taxon">Monospecific</a> lineage</td>
<td>Saddleback</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amphiprion_latezonatus,_Norfolk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Amphiprion_latezonatus%2C_Norfolk.jpg/160px-Amphiprion_latezonatus%2C_Norfolk.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Amphiprion_latezonatus%2C_Norfolk.jpg/240px-Amphiprion_latezonatus%2C_Norfolk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Amphiprion_latezonatus%2C_Norfolk.jpg/320px-Amphiprion_latezonatus%2C_Norfolk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="667" /></a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Amphiprion_latifasciatus" title="Amphiprion latifasciatus"><i>A. latifasciatus</i></a></td>
<td>Madagascar anemonefish</td>
<td>Indian</td>
<td><i>A. clarkii</i></td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Moh%C3%A9li-Poisson_clown.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Moh%C3%A9li-Poisson_clown.jpg/160px-Moh%C3%A9li-Poisson_clown.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Moh%C3%A9li-Poisson_clown.jpg/240px-Moh%C3%A9li-Poisson_clown.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Moh%C3%A9li-Poisson_clown.jpg/320px-Moh%C3%A9li-Poisson_clown.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Amphiprion_leucokranos" title="Amphiprion leucokranos"><i>A. leucokranos</i></a></td>
<td>White-bonnet anemonefish</td>
<td>Likely hybrid</td>
<td>Skunk</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amphiprion_leucokranos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Amphiprion_leucokranos.jpg/160px-Amphiprion_leucokranos.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Amphiprion_leucokranos.jpg/240px-Amphiprion_leucokranos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Amphiprion_leucokranos.jpg/320px-Amphiprion_leucokranos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="834" /></a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Amphiprion_mccullochi" title="Amphiprion mccullochi"><i>A. mccullochi</i></a></td>
<td>Whitesnout anemonefish</td>
<td>Australian</td>
<td><i>A. ephippium</i></td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amphiprion_mccullochi_RLS3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Amphiprion_mccullochi_RLS3.jpg/160px-Amphiprion_mccullochi_RLS3.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Amphiprion_mccullochi_RLS3.jpg/240px-Amphiprion_mccullochi_RLS3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Amphiprion_mccullochi_RLS3.jpg/320px-Amphiprion_mccullochi_RLS3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="867" /></a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Amphiprion_melanopus" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphiprion melanopus"><i>A. melanopus</i></a></td>
<td>Red and black anemonefish</td>
<td><i>A. ephippium </i></td>
<td><i>A. ephippium</i></td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amphiprion_melanopus_RLS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Amphiprion_melanopus_RLS.jpg/160px-Amphiprion_melanopus_RLS.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Amphiprion_melanopus_RLS.jpg/240px-Amphiprion_melanopus_RLS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Amphiprion_melanopus_RLS.jpg/320px-Amphiprion_melanopus_RLS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="833" /></a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Amphiprion_nigripes" title="Amphiprion nigripes"><i>A. nigripes</i></a></td>
<td>Maldive anemonefish</td>
<td>Indian</td>
<td>Skunk</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pomacentridae_-_Amphiprion_nigripes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Pomacentridae_-_Amphiprion_nigripes.jpg/160px-Pomacentridae_-_Amphiprion_nigripes.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Pomacentridae_-_Amphiprion_nigripes.jpg/240px-Pomacentridae_-_Amphiprion_nigripes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Pomacentridae_-_Amphiprion_nigripes.jpg/320px-Pomacentridae_-_Amphiprion_nigripes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1574" data-file-height="1183" /></a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Amphiprion_ocellaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphiprion ocellaris"><i>A. ocellaris</i></a></td>
<td>False clown anemonefish</td>
<td>Percula</td>
<td>Clownfish</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amphiprion_ocellaris_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Amphiprion_ocellaris_%281%29.jpg/160px-Amphiprion_ocellaris_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Amphiprion_ocellaris_%281%29.jpg/240px-Amphiprion_ocellaris_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Amphiprion_ocellaris_%281%29.jpg/320px-Amphiprion_ocellaris_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1623" data-file-height="1072" /></a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Amphiprion_omanensis" title="Amphiprion omanensis"><i>A. omanensis</i></a></td>
<td>Oman anemonefish</td>
<td>Indian</td>
<td><i>A. clarkii</i></td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amphiprion_omanensis.TIF" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Amphiprion_omanensis.TIF/lossy-page1-160px-Amphiprion_omanensis.TIF.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Amphiprion_omanensis.TIF/lossy-page1-240px-Amphiprion_omanensis.TIF.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Amphiprion_omanensis.TIF/lossy-page1-320px-Amphiprion_omanensis.TIF.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1443" /></a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Amphiprion_pacificus" title="Amphiprion pacificus"><i>A. pacificus</i></a></td>
<td>Pacific anemonefish</td>
<td><i>A. akallopisos</i></td>
<td>Skunk</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Aqua_16_3_Amphi_4c46fc294148b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Aqua_16_3_Amphi_4c46fc294148b.jpg/160px-Aqua_16_3_Amphi_4c46fc294148b.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Aqua_16_3_Amphi_4c46fc294148b.jpg/240px-Aqua_16_3_Amphi_4c46fc294148b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Aqua_16_3_Amphi_4c46fc294148b.jpg/320px-Aqua_16_3_Amphi_4c46fc294148b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="370" /></a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Amphiprion_percula" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphiprion percula"><i>A. percula</i></a></td>
<td>Clown anemonefish</td>
<td>Percula</td>
<td>Clownfish</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A._percula.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/A._percula.jpg/160px-A._percula.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/A._percula.jpg/240px-A._percula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/A._percula.jpg/320px-A._percula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="346" /></a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Amphiprion_perideraion" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphiprion perideraion"><i>A. perideraion</i></a></td>
<td>Pink skunk anemonefish</td>
<td><i>A. akallopisos</i></td>
<td>Skunk</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amphiprion_perideraion_-_Wilhelma_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Amphiprion_perideraion_-_Wilhelma_01.jpg/160px-Amphiprion_perideraion_-_Wilhelma_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Amphiprion_perideraion_-_Wilhelma_01.jpg/240px-Amphiprion_perideraion_-_Wilhelma_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Amphiprion_perideraion_-_Wilhelma_01.jpg/320px-Amphiprion_perideraion_-_Wilhelma_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4960" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Amphiprion_polymnus" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphiprion polymnus"><i>A. polymnus</i></a></td>
<td>Saddleback anemonefish</td>
<td><i>A. polymnus</i></td>
<td>Saddleback</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amphiprion_Species.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Amphiprion_Species.JPG/160px-Amphiprion_Species.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Amphiprion_Species.JPG/240px-Amphiprion_Species.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Amphiprion_Species.JPG/320px-Amphiprion_Species.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Amphiprion_rubrocinctus" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphiprion rubrocinctus"><i>A. rubrocinctus</i></a></td>
<td>Australian anemonefish</td>
<td><i>A. ephippium</i></td>
<td><i>A. ephippium</i></td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amphiprion_rubrocinctus_RLS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Amphiprion_rubrocinctus_RLS.jpg/160px-Amphiprion_rubrocinctus_RLS.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Amphiprion_rubrocinctus_RLS.jpg/240px-Amphiprion_rubrocinctus_RLS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Amphiprion_rubrocinctus_RLS.jpg/320px-Amphiprion_rubrocinctus_RLS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Amphiprion_sandaracinos" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphiprion sandaracinos"><i>A. sandaracinos</i></a></td>
<td>Orange anemonefish</td>
<td><i>A. akallopisos</i></td>
<td>Skunk</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Orange_skunk_clownfish_(Amphiprion_sandaracinos)_(35272137194).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Orange_skunk_clownfish_%28Amphiprion_sandaracinos%29_%2835272137194%29.jpg/160px-Orange_skunk_clownfish_%28Amphiprion_sandaracinos%29_%2835272137194%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Orange_skunk_clownfish_%28Amphiprion_sandaracinos%29_%2835272137194%29.jpg/240px-Orange_skunk_clownfish_%28Amphiprion_sandaracinos%29_%2835272137194%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Orange_skunk_clownfish_%28Amphiprion_sandaracinos%29_%2835272137194%29.jpg/320px-Orange_skunk_clownfish_%28Amphiprion_sandaracinos%29_%2835272137194%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2933" data-file-height="2200" /></a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Amphiprion_sebae" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphiprion sebae"><i>A. sebae</i></a></td>
<td>Sebae anemonefish</td>
<td><i>A. polymnus</i></td>
<td>Saddleback</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Clownfish-mileswu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Clownfish-mileswu.jpg/160px-Clownfish-mileswu.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Clownfish-mileswu.jpg/240px-Clownfish-mileswu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Clownfish-mileswu.jpg/320px-Clownfish-mileswu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3190" data-file-height="2862" /></a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Amphiprion_thiellei" title="Amphiprion thiellei"><i>A. thiellei</i></a></td>
<td>Thielle's anemonefish</td>
<td>Likely hybrid</td>
<td>Skunk</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Amphiprion_tricinctus" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphiprion tricinctus"><i>A. tricinctus</i></a></td>
<td>Three-band anemonefish</td>
<td>Clarkii</td>
<td>Clarkii</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amphiprion_tricinctus_11-2022.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Amphiprion_tricinctus_11-2022.JPG/160px-Amphiprion_tricinctus_11-2022.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Amphiprion_tricinctus_11-2022.JPG/240px-Amphiprion_tricinctus_11-2022.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Amphiprion_tricinctus_11-2022.JPG/320px-Amphiprion_tricinctus_11-2022.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr class="sortbottom">
<th colspan="5" style="text-align:left">Genus <i>Premnas</i>:<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a></sup>
</th></tr>
<tr class="sortbottom">
<td><i><a href="/wiki/Premnas_biaculeatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Premnas biaculeatus">Premnas biaculeatus</a></i></td>
<td>Maroon anemonefish</td>
<td>Percula</td>
<td>Maroon</td>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Premnas_biaculeatus_juvenile.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Premnas_biaculeatus_juvenile.jpg/160px-Premnas_biaculeatus_juvenile.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Premnas_biaculeatus_juvenile.jpg/240px-Premnas_biaculeatus_juvenile.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Premnas_biaculeatus_juvenile.jpg/320px-Premnas_biaculeatus_juvenile.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Morphological_diversity_by_complex">Morphological diversity by complex</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clownfish&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Morphological diversity by complex"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed">
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 186px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 184px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blackandorangefalsepercs.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A. percula (clown anemonefish) in a 'normal' orange and a melanistic blackish variant"><img alt="A. percula (clown anemonefish) in a 'normal' orange and a melanistic blackish variant" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Blackandorangefalsepercs.JPG/276px-Blackandorangefalsepercs.JPG" decoding="async" width="184" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Blackandorangefalsepercs.JPG/415px-Blackandorangefalsepercs.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Blackandorangefalsepercs.JPG/552px-Blackandorangefalsepercs.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1341" data-file-height="1093" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Amphiprion_percula" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphiprion percula">A. percula</a></i> (clown anemonefish) in a 'normal' orange and a <a href="/wiki/Melanism" title="Melanism">melanistic</a> blackish variant</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 170px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 168px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amphiprion_clarkii.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A. clarkii (Clark's anemonefish)"><img alt="A. clarkii (Clark's anemonefish)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Amphiprion_clarkii.jpg/252px-Amphiprion_clarkii.jpg" decoding="async" width="168" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Amphiprion_clarkii.jpg/378px-Amphiprion_clarkii.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Amphiprion_clarkii.jpg/503px-Amphiprion_clarkii.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1680" data-file-height="1503" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Amphiprion_clarkii" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphiprion clarkii">A. clarkii</a> </i> (Clark's anemonefish)</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amphiprion_Species.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A. polymnus (saddleback clownfish) off Sulawesi, Indonesia"><img alt="A. polymnus (saddleback clownfish) off Sulawesi, Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Amphiprion_Species.JPG/300px-Amphiprion_Species.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Amphiprion_Species.JPG/451px-Amphiprion_Species.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Amphiprion_Species.JPG/600px-Amphiprion_Species.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Amphiprion_polymnus" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphiprion polymnus">A. polymnus</a></i> (saddleback clownfish) off <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 207.33333333333px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 205.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amphiprion_ephippium.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A. ephippium (red saddleback anemonefish)"><img alt="A. ephippium (red saddleback anemonefish)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Amphiprion_ephippium.jpg/308px-Amphiprion_ephippium.jpg" decoding="async" width="206" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Amphiprion_ephippium.jpg/462px-Amphiprion_ephippium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Amphiprion_ephippium.jpg/615px-Amphiprion_ephippium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="732" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Amphiprion_ephippium" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphiprion ephippium">A. ephippium</a></i> (red saddleback anemonefish)</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 194px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 192px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pink_Skunk_Clownfish.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A. perideraion (pink skunk anemonefish)"><img alt="A. perideraion (pink skunk anemonefish)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Pink_Skunk_Clownfish.jpg/288px-Pink_Skunk_Clownfish.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Pink_Skunk_Clownfish.jpg/432px-Pink_Skunk_Clownfish.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Pink_Skunk_Clownfish.jpg/575px-Pink_Skunk_Clownfish.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1525" data-file-height="1193" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Amphiprion_perideraion" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphiprion perideraion">A. perideraion</a></i> (pink skunk anemonefish)</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 230px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 228px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Clownfish_(Papua_New_Guinea).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Male P. biaculeatus (maroon anemonefish) in Papua New Guinea"><img alt="Male P. biaculeatus (maroon anemonefish) in Papua New Guinea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Clownfish_%28Papua_New_Guinea%29.jpg/342px-Clownfish_%28Papua_New_Guinea%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="228" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Clownfish_%28Papua_New_Guinea%29.jpg/514px-Clownfish_%28Papua_New_Guinea%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Clownfish_%28Papua_New_Guinea%29.jpg/684px-Clownfish_%28Papua_New_Guinea%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2630" data-file-height="1730" /></a></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Male <i><a href="/wiki/Premnas_biaculeatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Premnas biaculeatus">P. biaculeatus</a></i> (maroon anemonefish) in <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></div>
</li>
</ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="In_the_aquarium">In the aquarium</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clownfish&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: In the aquarium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Anemonefish make up approximately 43% of the global marine ornamental trade, and approximately 25% of the global trade comes from fish bred in captivity, while the majority is captured from the wild,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a></sup> accounting for decreased densities in exploited areas.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a></sup> Public aquaria and captive-breeding programs are essential to sustain their trade as marine ornamentals, and has recently become economically feasible.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a></sup> It is one of a handful of marine ornamentals whose complete <a href="/wiki/Biological_life_cycle" title="Biological life cycle">lifecycle</a> has been in closed captivity. Members of some anemonefish species, such as the maroon clownfish, become aggressive in captivity; others, like the false percula clownfish, can be kept successfully with other individuals of the same species.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a></sup>
</p><p>When a sea anemone is not available in an <a href="/wiki/Aquarium" title="Aquarium">aquarium</a>, the anemonefish may settle in some varieties of <a href="/wiki/Alcyonacea" title="Alcyonacea">soft corals</a>, or large polyp stony <a href="/wiki/Coral" title="Coral">corals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AA_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AA-37">[36]</a></sup> Once an anemone or coral has been adopted, the anemonefish will defend it. Anemonefish, however, are not obligately tied to hosts, and can survive alone in captivity.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a></sup>
</p><p>Clownfish sold from captivity make up a very small account (10%) of the total trade of these fishes. Designer Clownfish, scientifically named A. ocellaris are much costlier and obtaining them has disrupted their coral reefs. Their attractive allure, color, and patterning have made them out to be an attractive target in wild trading.<sup id="cite_ref-designer_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-designer-22">[22]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clownfish&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clownfish_cake.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Clownfish_cake.jpg/154px-Clownfish_cake.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Clownfish_cake.jpg/231px-Clownfish_cake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Clownfish_cake.jpg/308px-Clownfish_cake.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><i>Finding Nemo</i> <a href="/wiki/Birthday_cake" title="Birthday cake">birthday cakes</a> featuring clownfish are popular.</figcaption></figure>
<p>In <a href="/wiki/Disney" class="mw-redirect" title="Disney">Disney</a> <a href="/wiki/Pixar" title="Pixar">Pixar</a>'s 2003 film <i><a href="/wiki/Finding_Nemo" title="Finding Nemo">Finding Nemo</a></i> and its 2016 sequel <i><a href="/wiki/Finding_Dory" title="Finding Dory">Finding Dory</a></i> main characters Nemo, his father Marlin, and his mother Coral are clownfish from the species <i><a href="/wiki/Ocellaris_clownfish" title="Ocellaris clownfish">A. ocellaris</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-rottentomatoes_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rottentomatoes-40">[39]</a></sup> The popularity of anemonefish for aquaria increased following the film's release; it is the first film associated with an increase in the numbers of those captured in the wild.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clownfish&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1217336898">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist">
<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-fuscocaudatus-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fuscocaudatus_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Exemplars of <i>A. fuscocaudatus</i> have never been sequenced. The authors hypothetically placed this species in the Indian clade because it is the most parsimonious solution regarding the biogeography of anemonefish species.<sup id="cite_ref-Hybrid_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hybrid-24">[24]</a></sup></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clownfish&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1217336898"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1215172403">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#2C882D;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSociety2011" class="citation web cs1">Society, National Geographic (10 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100113151105/http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/fish/clown-anemonefish">"Clown Anemonefish, Clown Anemonefish Pictures, Clown Anemonefish Facts – National Geographic"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/fish/clown-anemonefish/">the original</a> on 13 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Clown+Anemonefish%2C+Clown+Anemonefish+Pictures%2C+Clown+Anemonefish+Facts+%E2%80%93+National+Geographic&rft.date=2011-05-10&rft.aulast=Society&rft.aufirst=National+Geographic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fanimals.nationalgeographic.com%2Fanimals%2Ffish%2Fclown-anemonefish%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClownfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FieldGuide-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FieldGuide_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FieldGuide_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFFautinAllen,_Gerald_R.1997" class="citation book cs1">Fautin, Daphne G.; Allen, Gerald R. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150414095302/http://www.nhm.ku.edu/inverts/ebooks/intro.html"><i>Field Guide to Anemone Fishes and Their Host Sea Anemones</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Western_Australian_Museum" title="Western Australian Museum">Western Australian Museum</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780730983651" title="Special:BookSources/9780730983651"><bdi>9780730983651</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nhm.ku.edu/inverts/ebooks/intro.html">the original</a> on 14 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Field+Guide+to+Anemone+Fishes+and+Their+Host+Sea+Anemones&rft.pub=Western+Australian+Museum&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780730983651&rft.aulast=Fautin&rft.aufirst=Daphne+G.&rft.au=Allen%2C+Gerald+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhm.ku.edu%2Finverts%2Febooks%2Fintro.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClownfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-D._Porat-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-D._Porat_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-D._Porat_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFPoratChadwick-Furman2005" class="citation journal cs1">Porat, D.; Chadwick-Furman, N.E. (March 2005). "Effects of anemonefish on giant sea anemones: Ammonium uptake, zooxanthella content and tissue regeneration". <i>Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology</i>. <b>38</b> (1): 43–51. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005MFBP...38...43P">2005MFBP...38...43P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10236240500057929">10.1080/10236240500057929</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53051081">53051081</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marine+and+Freshwater+Behaviour+and+Physiology&rft.atitle=Effects+of+anemonefish+on+giant+sea+anemones%3A+Ammonium+uptake%2C+zooxanthella+content+and+tissue+regeneration&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=43-51&rft.date=2005-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53051081%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10236240500057929&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005MFBP...38...43P&rft.aulast=Porat&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Chadwick-Furman%2C+N.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClownfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-natgeowild-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-natgeowild_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100113151105/http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/fish/clown-anemonefish">"Clown Anemonefish"</a>. <i>Nat Geo Wild: Animals</i>. National Geographic Society. 10 May 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/fish/clown-anemonefish/">the original</a> on 13 January 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nat+Geo+Wild%3A+Animals&rft.atitle=Clown+Anemonefish&rft.date=2011-05-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fanimals.nationalgeographic.com%2Fanimals%2Ffish%2Fclown-anemonefish%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClownfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eol.org/pages/46572499">"Clownfish"</a> at the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">Encyclopedia of Life</a></i></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holbrook, S. J. and Schmitt, R. J. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00338-004-0432-8">Growth, reproduction and survival of a tropical sea anemone (Actiniaria): benefits of hosting anemonefish</a></i>, 2005, cited in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://clownfishandseaanemones.blogspot.com/">blogspot.com</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSzczebakHenryAl-HoraniChadwick2013" class="citation journal cs1">Szczebak, J. T.; Henry, R. P.; Al-Horani, F. A.; Chadwick, N. E. (15 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.075648">"Anemonefish oxygenate their anemone hosts at night"</a>. <i>Journal of Experimental Biology</i>. <b>216</b> (6): 970–976. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.075648">10.1242/jeb.075648</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23447664">23447664</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Experimental+Biology&rft.atitle=Anemonefish+oxygenate+their+anemone+hosts+at+night&rft.volume=216&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=970-976&rft.date=2013-03-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1242%2Fjeb.075648&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23447664&rft.aulast=Szczebak&rft.aufirst=J.+T.&rft.au=Henry%2C+R.+P.&rft.au=Al-Horani%2C+F.+A.&rft.au=Chadwick%2C+N.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1242%252Fjeb.075648&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClownfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111027092714/http://marinebio.org/species.asp?id=29">"Clown Anemonefishes, <i>Amphiprion ocellaris</i>"</a>. <i>Marinebio</i>. The MarineBio Conservation Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://marinebio.org/species.asp?id=29">the original</a> on 27 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Marinebio&rft.atitle=Clown+Anemonefishes%2C+Amphiprion+ocellaris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmarinebio.org%2Fspecies.asp%3Fid%3D29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClownfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSzczebakHenryAl-HoraniChadwick2013" class="citation journal cs1">Szczebak, J. T.; Henry, R. P.; Al-Horani, F. A.; Chadwick, N. E. (15 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.075648">"Anemonefish oxygenate their anemone hosts at night"</a>. <i>Journal of Experimental Biology</i>. <b>216</b> (6): 970–976. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.075648">10.1242/jeb.075648</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23447664">23447664</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205352">205352</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Experimental+Biology&rft.atitle=Anemonefish+oxygenate+their+anemone+hosts+at+night&rft.volume=216&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=970-976&rft.date=2013-03-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A205352%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23447664&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1242%2Fjeb.075648&rft.aulast=Szczebak&rft.aufirst=J.+T.&rft.au=Henry%2C+R.+P.&rft.au=Al-Horani%2C+F.+A.&rft.au=Chadwick%2C+N.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1242%252Fjeb.075648&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClownfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFNorinMillsCrespelCortese2018" class="citation journal cs1">Norin, Tommy; Mills, Suzanne; Crespel, Amelie; Cortese, Daphne; Beldade, Ricardo; Killen, Shaun (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5904320">"Anemone bleaching increases the metabolic demands of symbiont anemonefish"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society B</i>. <b>285</b> (1876). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2018.0282">10.1098/rspb.2018.0282</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5904320">5904320</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29643214">29643214</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+B&rft.atitle=Anemone+bleaching+increases+the+metabolic+demands+of+symbiont+anemonefish&rft.volume=285&rft.issue=1876&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5904320%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29643214&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2018.0282&rft.aulast=Norin&rft.aufirst=Tommy&rft.au=Mills%2C+Suzanne&rft.au=Crespel%2C+Amelie&rft.au=Cortese%2C+Daphne&rft.au=Beldade%2C+Ricardo&rft.au=Killen%2C+Shaun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5904320&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClownfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Goemans-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Goemans_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGoemans,_B." class="citation web cs1">Goemans, B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saltcorner.com/AquariumLibrary/browsegroupspecies.php?GroupID=1">"Anemonefishes"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anemonefishes&rft.au=Goemans%2C+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saltcorner.com%2FAquariumLibrary%2Fbrowsegroupspecies.php%3FGroupID%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClownfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Hybrid-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hybrid_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hybrid_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hybrid_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLitsiosSalamin2014" class="citation journal cs1">Litsios, Glenn; Salamin, Nicolas (December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4264551">"Hybridisation and diversification in the adaptive radiation of clownfishes"</a>. <i>BMC Evolutionary Biology</i>. <b>14</b> (1): 245. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014BMCEE..14..245L">2014BMCEE..14..245L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12862-014-0245-5">10.1186/s12862-014-0245-5</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4264551">4264551</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25433367">25433367</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Evolutionary+Biology&rft.atitle=Hybridisation+and+diversification+in+the+adaptive+radiation+of+clownfishes&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=245&rft.date=2014-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4264551%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25433367&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs12862-014-0245-5&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014BMCEE..14..245L&rft.aulast=Litsios&rft.aufirst=Glenn&rft.au=Salamin%2C+Nicolas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4264551&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClownfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-DeAngelis-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DeAngelis_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DeAngelis_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDeAngelis,_R." class="citation web cs1">DeAngelis, R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150925122657/http://www.advancedaquarist.com/blog/what-we-really-know-about-the-diversity-of-clownfish-1">"What we really know about the diversity of Clownfish"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.advancedaquarist.com/blog/what-we-really-know-about-the-diversity-of-clownfish-1">the original</a> on 25 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+we+really+know+about+the+diversity+of+Clownfish&rft.au=DeAngelis%2C+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.advancedaquarist.com%2Fblog%2Fwhat-we-really-know-about-the-diversity-of-clownfish-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClownfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Radiation-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Radiation_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radiation_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLitsiosSimsWüestPearman2012" class="citation journal cs1">Litsios, Glenn; Sims, Carrie A; Wüest, Rafael O; Pearman, Peter B; Zimmermann, Niklaus E; Salamin, Nicolas (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3532366">"Mutualism with sea anemones triggered the adaptive radiation of clownfishes"</a>. <i>BMC Evolutionary Biology</i>. <b>12</b> (1): 212. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012BMCEE..12..212L">2012BMCEE..12..212L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2148-12-212">10.1186/1471-2148-12-212</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3532366">3532366</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23122007">23122007</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Evolutionary+Biology&rft.atitle=Mutualism+with+sea+anemones+triggered+the+adaptive+radiation+of+clownfishes&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=212&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3532366%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23122007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1471-2148-12-212&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012BMCEE..12..212L&rft.aulast=Litsios&rft.aufirst=Glenn&rft.au=Sims%2C+Carrie+A&rft.au=W%C3%BCest%2C+Rafael+O&rft.au=Pearman%2C+Peter+B&rft.au=Zimmermann%2C+Niklaus+E&rft.au=Salamin%2C+Nicolas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3532366&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClownfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Ecology-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ecology_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFvan_der_MeerJonesHobbsvan_Herwerden2012" class="citation journal cs1">van der Meer, M. H.; Jones, G. P.; Hobbs, J.-P. A.; van Herwerden, L. (July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3434915">"Historic hybridization and introgression between two iconic Australian anemonefish and contemporary patterns of population connectivity: Historic Hybridization between Anemonefish"</a>. <i>Ecology and Evolution</i>. <b>2</b> (7): 1592–1604. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fece3.251">10.1002/ece3.251</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3434915">3434915</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22957165">22957165</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ecology+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=Historic+hybridization+and+introgression+between+two+iconic+Australian+anemonefish+and+contemporary+patterns+of+population+connectivity%3A+Historic+Hybridization+between+Anemonefish&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1592-1604&rft.date=2012-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3434915%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22957165&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fece3.251&rft.aulast=van+der+Meer&rft.aufirst=M.+H.&rft.au=Jones%2C+G.+P.&rft.au=Hobbs%2C+J.-P.+A.&rft.au=van+Herwerden%2C+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3434915&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClownfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/identification/SpeciesList.php?genus=Amphiprion">Species of <i>Amphiprion</i></a> in <a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a>. December 2011 version.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/identification/SpeciesList.php?genus=Premnas">Species of <i>Premnas</i></a> in <a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a>. December 2011 version.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDhaneeshVinothGhoshGopi2013" class="citation book cs1">Dhaneesh, K. V.; Vinoth, R.; Ghosh, Swagat; Gopi, M.; Kumar, T. T. Ajith; Balasubramanian, T. (2013). "Hatchery Production of Marine Ornamental Fishes: An Alternate Livelihood Option for the Island Community at Lakshadweep". <i>Climate Change and Island and Coastal Vulnerability</i>. pp. 253–265. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-007-6016-5_17">10.1007/978-94-007-6016-5_17</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-007-6015-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-007-6015-8"><bdi>978-94-007-6015-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hatchery+Production+of+Marine+Ornamental+Fishes%3A+An+Alternate+Livelihood+Option+for+the+Island+Community+at+Lakshadweep&rft.btitle=Climate+Change+and+Island+and+Coastal+Vulnerability&rft.pages=253-265&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-94-007-6016-5_17&rft.isbn=978-94-007-6015-8&rft.aulast=Dhaneesh&rft.aufirst=K.+V.&rft.au=Vinoth%2C+R.&rft.au=Ghosh%2C+Swagat&rft.au=Gopi%2C+M.&rft.au=Kumar%2C+T.+T.+Ajith&rft.au=Balasubramanian%2C+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClownfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor,_M.Razak,_T.Green,_E.2003" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, M.; Razak, T. & Green, E. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040701215234/http://www.unep.org/pdf/from_ocean_to_aquarium_report.pdf"><i>From ocean to aquarium: A global trade in marine ornamental species</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. UNEP world conservation and monitoring centre (WCMC). pp. 1–64. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unep.org/pdf/from_ocean_to_aquarium_report.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 1 July 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+ocean+to+aquarium%3A+A+global+trade+in+marine+ornamental+species&rft.pages=1-64&rft.pub=UNEP+world+conservation+and+monitoring+centre+%28WCMC%29&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Taylor%2C+M.&rft.au=Razak%2C+T.&rft.au=Green%2C+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unep.org%2Fpdf%2Ffrom_ocean_to_aquarium_report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClownfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFShumanHodgsonAmbrose2005" class="citation journal cs1">Shuman, Craig S.; Hodgson, Gregor; Ambrose, Richard F. (December 2005). "Population impacts of collecting sea anemones and anemonefish for the marine aquarium trade in the Philippines". <i>Coral Reefs</i>. <b>24</b> (4): 564–573. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005CorRe..24..564S">2005CorRe..24..564S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00338-005-0027-z">10.1007/s00338-005-0027-z</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25027153">25027153</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Coral+Reefs&rft.atitle=Population+impacts+of+collecting+sea+anemones+and+anemonefish+for+the+marine+aquarium+trade+in+the+Philippines&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=564-573&rft.date=2005-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A25027153%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00338-005-0027-z&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005CorRe..24..564S&rft.aulast=Shuman&rft.aufirst=Craig+S.&rft.au=Hodgson%2C+Gregor&rft.au=Ambrose%2C+Richard+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClownfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWatsonHill2006" class="citation journal cs1">Watson, Craig A.; Hill, Jeffrey E. (May 2006). "Design criteria for recirculating, marine ornamental production systems". <i>Aquacultural Engineering</i>. <b>34</b> (3): 157–162. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006AqEng..34..157W">2006AqEng..34..157W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.aquaeng.2005.07.002">10.1016/j.aquaeng.2005.07.002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aquacultural+Engineering&rft.atitle=Design+criteria+for+recirculating%2C+marine+ornamental+production+systems&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=157-162&rft.date=2006-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.aquaeng.2005.07.002&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006AqEng..34..157W&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Craig+A.&rft.au=Hill%2C+Jeffrey+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClownfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHallDouglas_Warmolts2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_role_of_public_aquariums_in_the_conservation_and_stability_of_the_marine_ornamentals_trade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The role of public aquariums in the conservation and stability of the marine ornamentals trade (page does not exist)">Hall, Heather</a>; Douglas Warmolts (2003). "23". In James C. Cato; Christopher L. Brown (eds.). <i>Marine Ornamental Species: Collection, Culture and Conservation</i>. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 303–326. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8138-2987-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8138-2987-6"><bdi>978-0-8138-2987-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=23&rft.btitle=Marine+Ornamental+Species%3A+Collection%2C+Culture+and+Conservation&rft.pages=303-326&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8138-2987-6&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Heather&rft.au=Douglas+Warmolts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClownfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFTullock1998" class="citation book cs1">Tullock, John (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NWZHcIrhEiQC"><i>Clownfish and Sea Anemones</i></a> (illustrated ed.). Barron's Educational Series. pp. 11–22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780764105111" title="Special:BookSources/9780764105111"><bdi>9780764105111</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clownfish+and+Sea+Anemones&rft.pages=11-22&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Barron%27s+Educational+Series&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780764105111&rft.aulast=Tullock&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNWZHcIrhEiQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClownfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-AA-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AA_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFFatherree" class="citation web cs1">Fatherree, James W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140322222515/http://www.advancedaquarist.com/2014/3/fish2">"Aquarium Fish: On the Clownfishes' Range of Hosts"</a>. <i>Advanced Aquarist</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.advancedaquarist.com/2014/3/fish2">the original</a> on 22 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Advanced+Aquarist&rft.atitle=Aquarium+Fish%3A+On+the+Clownfishes%27+Range+of+Hosts&rft.aulast=Fatherree&rft.aufirst=James+W&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.advancedaquarist.com%2F2014%2F3%2Ffish2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClownfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDaphne_Gail_Fautin1991" class="citation journal cs1">Daphne Gail Fautin (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120525134758/http://www.nhm.ku.edu/inverts/pdf/Fautin_anemonefishsymbiosis_1991.pdf">"The anemonefish symbiosis: what is known and what is not"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symbiosis_(journal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Symbiosis (journal) (page does not exist)">Symbiosis</a></i>. <b>10</b>: 23–46. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nhm.ku.edu/inverts/pdf/Fautin_anemonefishsymbiosis_1991.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 25 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Symbiosis&rft.atitle=The+anemonefish+symbiosis%3A+what+is+known+and+what+is+not&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=23-46&rft.date=1991&rft.au=Daphne+Gail+Fautin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhm.ku.edu%2Finverts%2Fpdf%2FFautin_anemonefishsymbiosis_1991.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClownfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFRonald_L._Shimek2004" class="citation book cs1">Ronald L. Shimek (2004). <i>Marine Invertebrates</i>. <a href="/wiki/Neptune_City,_New_Jersey" title="Neptune City, New Jersey">Neptune City, NJ</a>: T.F.H. Publications. p. 83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-890087-66-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-890087-66-1"><bdi>978-1-890087-66-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marine+Invertebrates&rft.place=Neptune+City%2C+NJ&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=T.F.H.+Publications&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-890087-66-1&rft.au=Ronald+L.+Shimek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClownfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-rottentomatoes-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rottentomatoes_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/finding_nemo/">"Finding Nemo (2003)"</a>. <i>Rotten Tomatoes</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rotten+Tomatoes&rft.atitle=Finding+Nemo+%282003%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rottentomatoes.com%2Fm%2Ffinding_nemo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClownfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCaladoOlivottoOliverHolt2017" class="citation book cs1">Calado, Ricardo; Olivotto, Ike; Oliver, Miquel Planas; Holt, G. Joan (6 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kV9GDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA179"><i>Marine Ornamental Species Aquaculture</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 179. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470673904" title="Special:BookSources/9780470673904"><bdi>9780470673904</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marine+Ornamental+Species+Aquaculture&rft.pages=179&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2017-03-06&rft.isbn=9780470673904&rft.aulast=Calado&rft.aufirst=Ricardo&rft.au=Olivotto%2C+Ike&rft.au=Oliver%2C+Miquel+Planas&rft.au=Holt%2C+G.+Joan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkV9GDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClownfish" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div>
<p><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[1]</a></sup>
<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[2]</a></sup>
<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[3]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clownfish&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCasasSaborido-ReyRyuMichell2016" class="citation journal cs1">Casas, Laura; Saborido-Rey, Fran; Ryu, Taewoo; Michell, Craig; Ravasi, Timothy; Irigoien, Xabier (17 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5066260">"Sex Change in Clownfish: Molecular Insights from Transcriptome Analysis"</a>. <i>Scientific Reports</i>. <b>6</b>: 35461. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NatSR...635461C">2016NatSR...635461C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsrep35461">10.1038/srep35461</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2045-2322">2045-2322</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5066260">5066260</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27748421">27748421</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=Sex+Change+in+Clownfish%3A+Molecular+Insights+from+Transcriptome+Analysis&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=35461&rft.date=2016-10-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5066260%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016NatSR...635461C&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27748421&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fsrep35461&rft.issn=2045-2322&rft.aulast=Casas&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft.au=Saborido-Rey%2C+Fran&rft.au=Ryu%2C+Taewoo&rft.au=Michell%2C+Craig&rft.au=Ravasi%2C+Timothy&rft.au=Irigoien%2C+Xabier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5066260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClownfish" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFRouxLamiSalisMagré2019" class="citation journal cs1">Roux, Natacha; Lami, Raphaël; Salis, Pauline; Magré, Kévin; Romans, Pascal; Masanet, Patrick; Lecchini, David; Laudet, Vincent (December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6925283">"Sea anemone and clownfish microbiota diversity and variation during the initial steps of symbiosis"</a>. <i>Scientific Reports</i>. <b>9</b> (1): 19491. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019NatSR...919491R">2019NatSR...919491R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-019-55756-w">10.1038/s41598-019-55756-w</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6925283">6925283</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31862916">31862916</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=Sea+anemone+and+clownfish+microbiota+diversity+and+variation+during+the+initial+steps+of+symbiosis&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=19491&rft.date=2019-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6925283%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31862916&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41598-019-55756-w&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019NatSR...919491R&rft.aulast=Roux&rft.aufirst=Natacha&rft.au=Lami%2C+Rapha%C3%ABl&rft.au=Salis%2C+Pauline&rft.au=Magr%C3%A9%2C+K%C3%A9vin&rft.au=Romans%2C+Pascal&rft.au=Masanet%2C+Patrick&rft.au=Lecchini%2C+David&rft.au=Laudet%2C+Vincent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6925283&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClownfish" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFVargas-AbúndezRandazzoFoddaiSanchini2019" class="citation journal cs1">Vargas-Abúndez, Arturo Jorge; Randazzo, Basilio; Foddai, Marco; Sanchini, Lorenzo; Truzzi, Cristina; Giorgini, Elisabetta; Gasco, Laura; Olivotto, Ike (January 2019). "Insect meal based diets for clownfish: Biometric, histological, spectroscopic, biochemical and molecular implications". <i>Aquaculture</i>. <b>498</b>: 1–11. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019Aquac.498....1V">2019Aquac.498....1V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.aquaculture.2018.08.018">10.1016/j.aquaculture.2018.08.018</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2318%2F1674109">2318/1674109</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:92357750">92357750</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aquaculture&rft.atitle=Insect+meal+based+diets+for+clownfish%3A+Biometric%2C+histological%2C+spectroscopic%2C+biochemical+and+molecular+implications&rft.volume=498&rft.pages=1-11&rft.date=2019-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2318%2F1674109&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A92357750%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.aquaculture.2018.08.018&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019Aquac.498....1V&rft.aulast=Vargas-Ab%C3%BAndez&rft.aufirst=Arturo+Jorge&rft.au=Randazzo%2C+Basilio&rft.au=Foddai%2C+Marco&rft.au=Sanchini%2C+Lorenzo&rft.au=Truzzi%2C+Cristina&rft.au=Giorgini%2C+Elisabetta&rft.au=Gasco%2C+Laura&rft.au=Olivotto%2C+Ike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClownfish" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clownfish&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<ul><li><span class="languageicon">(in German)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.torsten-ernst.de/modules.php?name=Gallery&file=categories&cat_id=13">Photo Gallery of <i>Amphiprion ocellaris</i> and their eggs</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210313145247/http://www.torsten-ernst.de/modules.php?name=Gallery&file=categories&cat_id=13">Archived</a> 13 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080724075222/http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/efc/efc_splash/splash_animals_clownfish.aspx">Monterey Bay Aquarium: Video and information</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100609112916/http://www.tommyschultz.com/component/searchimage/clown-fish-best/1.html">Clown Fish underwater photography gallery</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aquaticcommunity.com/clownfish/">Aquaticcommunity.com</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tolweb.org/treehouses/?treehouse_id=3390">Tolweb.org</a></li></ul>
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<ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q472616" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q472616">Q472616</a></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Amphiprioninae" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Amphiprioninae">Amphiprioninae</a></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/343197">343197</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=5846181">5846181</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=714652">714652</a></span></span></li></ul>
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<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00577585">Japan</a></span></li></ul>
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<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baras, E., Slembrouck, J., Priyadi, A., Satyani, D., Pouyaud, L., & Legendre, M. (2012). Biology and culture of the clown loach Chromobotia macracanthus (Cypriniformes, Cobitidae): 3-Ontogeny, ecological and aquacultural implications. Aquatic Living Resources, 25(2), 119-130.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anikuttan, K. K., Rameshkumar, P., Nazar, A. K., Jayakumar, R., Tamilmani, G., Sakthivel, M., ... & Gopalakrishnan, A. (2022). Designer Clown Fishes: Unraveling the ambiguities. Frontiers in Marine Science, 9, 907362. </span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Slembrouck, J., Priyadi, A., Permana, A., Ginanjar, R., Baras, E., Satyani, D., ... & Legendre, M. (2012). Biology and culture of the clown loach Chromobotia macracanthus (Cypriniformes, Cobitidae): 2-Importance of water movement and temperature during egg incubation. Aquatic Living Resources, 25(2), 109-118. </span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>' |